Sentencing & Punishment
What is the term for a punishment that is postponed and only carried out if the offender commits another crime?
Suspended Sentence
Who was the reformer that wrote On Crimes and Punishments and argued for punishment to fit the crime?
Cesare Beccaria
What is the main difference between jail and prison?
Jails are for short-term sentences and local offenders, while prisons are for long-term sentences and serious crimes.
What is the primary goal of diversion programs?
To keep offenders out of the traditional criminal justice system by providing treatment and rehabilitation.
Who was the English reformer that advocated for humane prison conditions in the 1700s?
John Howard
What is the purpose of restitution in sentencing?
To compensate the victim for financial losses caused by the offender.
What early form of punishment involved forcing criminals to leave their community permanently?
Banishment
What is the term for an early release from prison under supervision?
Parole
What is the name of the facility where offenders transition from prison life back into society?
Halfway House
What U.S. act in 1984 eliminated parole for federal prisoners and required offenders to serve most of their sentence?
The Sentencing Reform Act
What is an alternative to incarceration that allows an offender to serve their sentence at home under electronic monitoring?
House Arrest
What was the name of the first U.S. prison that emphasized solitary confinement for rehabilitation?
Walnut Street Jail
What is the name of a short-term holding facility used before trial or sentencing?
Lockup
What is the correctional program that allows inmates to leave prison temporarily for work, education, or personal matters?
Temporary Release Programs
What are the two largest private prison companies in the U.S.?
CoreCivic and The GEO Group
What type of sentence allows an offender to avoid jail but requires them to follow strict rules and meet with a supervising officer?
Probation
What was the main difference between the Pennsylvania System and the Auburn System of imprisonment?
The Pennsylvania System enforced total solitary confinement, while the Auburn System allowed inmates to work and eat together in silence.
What are the three common security levels for prisons?
Maximum, Medium, and Low Security
What is the term for the practice of outsourcing prison operations to private companies?
Privatization
What was the major reason for the rise of private prisons in the U.S.?
Overcrowding in state and federal prisons
What is the most severe form of punishment in the U.S. criminal justice system?
Capital Punishment (Death Penalty)
What was the name of the prison design proposed by Jeremy Bentham, which allowed for constant inmate surveillance?
Panopticon
What system classifies offenders based on their risk level and determines their prison placement?
Security Level Classification
What correctional method allows offenders to remain in the community while being monitored by authorities?
Community Corrections
What type of therapy focuses on changing harmful thought patterns and behaviors among inmates?
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)