Criminal Liability and Intent
For a conviction, the prosecution must prove both a guilty act and this.
What is criminal intent?
Taking merchandise from a retail store without paying, even without force or breaking in, falls under this specific offense.
What is shoplifting?
A civil wrong committed against an individual rather than society is called this.
What is a tort?
The benchmark used to determine whether someone acted carelessly is called this.
What is reasonable person standard?
Before filing charges or issuing a warrant, police must have this higher standard of evidence.
What is probable cause?
A 6-year-old who breaks a window during a tantrum is generally shielded from criminal liability because of this legal concept.
What is infancy?
Entering a building unlawfully with the intent to commit a crime inside, even if nothing is stolen, is classified as this.
What is burglary?
Every tort requires both a wrongful act and this second essential element.
What is injury (harm)?
In a negligence case, the plaintiff must prove duty, breach, injury, and this final element linking the act to the harm.
What is causation?
The lower standard of evidence that allows officers to briefly stop and question someone is called this.
What is reasonable suspicion?
A suspect argues they committed a crime only because police pressured and tricked them into doing it.
What is entrapment?
A threat to reveal embarrassing information unless payment is made is categorized as this crime.
What is extortion?
If a person acts recklessly but no one is harmed, there is generally no tort because this element is missing.
What is injury?
A fireworks company follows all safety rules, yet spectators are injured. The company may still be liable under this doctrine.
What is strict liability?
A formal charge for a serious crime issued by a grand jury is known as this.
What is an indictment?
A parent may face criminal responsibility for knowingly allowing their minor child to commit crimes because of this concept.
What is vicarious criminal liability?
Obtaining money or property by deliberately lying about a past or existing fact differs from theft because the victim voluntarily gives up the property.
What are false pretenses?
When someone intentionally spreads false written statements that damage another’s reputation, they commit this tort.
What is libel?
When an employer is held responsible for an employee’s wrongful act committed within the scope of employment, this applies.
What is vicarious liability?
When a defendant agrees to plead guilty to a lesser offense in exchange for dropping a more serious charge and gives up the right to trial.
What is a plea bargain (plea deal)?
A defendant carefully plans a crime with two friends, but backs out the day before it occurs. The others carry it out exactly as planned. Even though the defendant was not present at the scene, they may still face charges for this.
What is conspiracy?
A corporate executive manipulates financial records to deceive investors without using violence. This type of non-violent, financially motivated offense is categorized as this.
What is a white collar crime?
A company secretly wiretaps and harasses a critic in retaliation. Even without physical injury, this tort may arise due to unlawful intrusion into personal life.
What is invasion of privacy?
In Illinois, if both parties share fault in an accident, damages are reduced proportionally according to each party’s degree of fault. This system is known as:
What is comparative negligence?
This constitutional guarantee requires that government procedures in criminal cases be fair, consistent, and follow established legal rules before a person can be deprived of life or liberty.
What is due process?