Group 1
What is the difference between violent & non-violent offenses?
Violent involve direct harm or threat of harm to others (ex: assault)
Non-violent does not involve physical force against a person (ex: tax evasion)
What is criminal profiling?
It analyzes offender characteristics, behaviors, and patterns to aid identification and apprehension.
What is rational choice theory?
Individuals commit crimes when perceived benefits outweigh potential risks
What is strain theory?
Crime results from pressure, such as economic hardship or social exclusion.
What is Extreme Groups Approach of research?
Individuals are selected specifically because they are known to differ in criminal involvement
Data collected at multiple points in time (at least three) to track changes
What are dynamic risk factors?
Changeable predictors that can be targeted through intervention
What would be an ideal twin study?
The “ideal” twin study would involve MZ twins separated at birth and raised in different environments
What is the gold standard for establishing causality?
Randomized experimental design
What is the difference between inner & outer containment according to Walter Reckless's containment theory?
Inner containment is self-control & personal responsibility
Outer containment is societal supervision & discipline
Epigenetics is the study of how environmental stiumil can trigger or stop gene expression
What is the difference between primary & secondary deviance?
Primary deviance: the original act of rule-breaking, often not changing self-identity
Secondary deviance: after society labels the person, they adopt the deviant identity, which affects their future behavior
What are Freud's 3 claims regarding the superego & criminal behavior?
1. Weak/ underdeveloped superego → criminality a. lacking guilt & shame
2. Overdeveloped/ harsh superego → moralistic crime a. to punish themselves/ a substitute for inner punishment
3. Ego failing to balance → impulsive crime a.overwhelmed between aggressive id urges & guilt inducing pressures from the superego
What is the difference between Primary, Secondary, Tertiary & Quaternary Interventions?
Primary prevents diseases from occurring
Secondary detects and treat diseases early
Tertiary manages established diseases to minimize complications and restore function
Quaternary protects patients from the harms of over-medicalization and unnecessary interventions
What is the difference between Penology & Victimology?
Penology studies punishment and rehabilitation, including correctional program effectiveness and recidivism impacts
Victimology investigates the experiences and consequences of crime on victims, and factors contributing to victimization
What is this module's working definition of criminal behavior?
Criminal behavior refers to antisocial acts that place an individual at risk of becoming a focus of criminal justice professionals within juvenile or adult adjust systems
Mention 3 of the core aspects of Social Disorganization Theory
1. Poverty: limited access to resources
2. Residential Mobility: no community ties
3. Ethnic Heterogeneity: language & cultural barriers 4. Family Disruptions: little supervision on teens
5. Broken Institutions
What are the 5 categories in Robert Merton's Strain Theory Typology
Conformity, Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism, and Rebellion
What are the 3 limitations of cross-sectional design studies?
No Temporality (what came first)
Cannot Prove Cause & Effect
Magnitude of Relationship (strength of the relationship)
What are 3 of the main focuses of Control Theory?
1. Attachment (emotional ties to others)
2. Commitment (investment in goals)
3. Involvement (participation in activities)
4. Belief (belief in norms & laws)