Foundations
What is a misdemeanor?
misdemeanor is a less serious crime generally punishable by a fine or by incarceration in jail for not more than 1 year
At what age are children held responsible for crimes?
(in most jurisdictions)
13
According to Cesare Beccaria, what is the only justified rationale for laws and punishments?
The principle of utility
What is the means of conducting a search for weapons by patting the outside of a suspect’s clothing, feeling for hard objects that might be weapons?
Frisking
The majority of law enforcement agencies fall into which level?
Local law enforcement
What is a suspect?
someone believed to have committed a crime
What legal defense argues that the offender was forced to commit a crime against his or her will?
Duress
Low levels of which hormone have been linked to violent crime, such as impulsive murder?
serotonin
The place of a trial is called?
Venue
What is the right or authority of a justice agency to act in regard to a particular subject matter, territory, or person?
Jurisdiction
What is a defendant?
A person that legal action has been brought against.
what is the failure to take reasonable precautions to prevent harm?
negligence
Who was the first twentieth-century criminologist to forcefully argue that criminal behavior was learned?
Edwin H. Sutherland
What refers to the taking of persons or property into custody in response to violations of criminal law?
A Seizure
The first paid, unified police force in the United States was formed where?
New York
a serious offense punishable by confinement in prison for more than 1 year or by death
Which Latin term refers to criminal conduct—specifically, intentional or criminally negligent (reckless) action or inaction that causes harm?
actus reus
people characterized by no sense of guilt, no subjective conscience, and no sense of right and wrong.
Psychopath
An admission by a person accused of a crime that he or she has committed the offense charged is called?
Confession
The final step in the process of selecting new police officers is?
The oral interview
Which institution of social control is considered the last line of defense for society?
Criminal Justice System
What term is used to describe, offenses that are illegal because laws define them as such?
mala prohibita
For drug addicts, the use of addictive drugs _____ because the drugs remove or reduce the aversive stimulus of the pain of drug withdrawal.
Is negatively reinforced
Which of the following drug enforcement strategies involves activities such as surveillance, buy-and-bust operations, and “reverse stings”?
Street-Level Enforcement
Which police recruitment programs targets high school students?
Pollice Cadet Program