Fourth Amendment
What is "unreasonable search"?
A search conducted without a warrant and without probable cause.
What is double jeopardy?
The principle that a person cannot be tried twice for the same offense.
What is the right to counsel?
The right to have an attorney assist in one’s defense during a criminal trial.
What is considered "excessive bail"?
Bail set at a level higher than is necessary to ensure the defendant's appearance at trial.
What was the decision in "Mapp v. Ohio"?
The Court ruled that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment cannot be used in state courts.
What is probable cause?
A reasonable belief that a person has committed a crime, which is required to obtain a warrant.
What are Miranda Rights?
Rights that must be read to a suspect before questioning, including the right to remain silent and the right to an attorney.
What does a "speedy trial" mean?
The right to have a trial without undue delay, as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment.
What is cruel and unusual punishment?
Punishments that are considered inhumane or overly harsh, which are prohibited by the Eighth Amendment.
What was the significance of "Miranda v. Arizona"?
The ruling required that suspects be informed of their rights before police questioning.
Name a case that defined search limits
Katz v. United States (1967) established that the Fourth Amendment protects people, not places.
What is self-incrimination?
The act of implicating oneself in a crime, which the Fifth Amendment protects against.
What is the Confrontation Clause?
The right to confront and cross-examine witnesses against you in a criminal trial.
Name a case related to the death penalty.
Furman v. Georgia (1972) temporarily halted the death penalty due to arbitrary application.
What did "Gideon v. Wainwright" establish?
It established the right to legal counsel for all defendants in criminal cases.
What is the exclusionary rule?
A legal principle that excludes evidence obtained in violation of a defendant’s constitutional rights.
Explain due process in the Fifth.
Due process guarantees fair legal proceedings before depriving someone of life, liberty, or property.
What case established the right to counsel?
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) established the right to an attorney for all defendants in criminal cases.
What is the importance of the Eighth Amendment?
It protects against excessive bail, fines, and cruel and unusual punishment.
Explain the decision in "Furman v. Georgia".
The Court found the death penalty unconstitutional due to its arbitrary application, leading to a moratorium.
How does the Fourth Amendment apply to digital data?
In Riley v. California (2014), the Court ruled that police need a warrant to search digital information on a cell phone seized during an arrest.
How does the Fifth Amendment relate to grand juries?
The Fifth Amendment requires a grand jury to indict individuals for serious crimes in federal cases.
What are the implications of public trial rights?
Public trial rights ensure transparency and fairness in the judicial process, preventing secret trials and potential abuses.
How does the Eighth Amendment apply to sentencing guidelines?
The Eighth Amendment influences sentencing guidelines to prevent excessively harsh sentences, ensuring they are proportional to the crime.
How did "Terry v. Ohio" affect stop-and-frisk policies?
The Court ruled that police could stop and frisk individuals based on reasonable suspicion, influencing law enforcement practices nationwide.