Inchoate Crimes
Significant activity undertaken in furtherance of some goal
substantial step
Something that is not based on the personal knowledge of a witness
hearsay
One who knowingly gives assistance to a person who has committed a felony for the purpose of helping that individual avoid apprehension or detection
Accessory
All of those who take part in the commission of a crime, including those who aid and abet and are therefore criminally liable for the offense
Parties to Crime
A defense to a criminal charge that it was necessary to commit some unlawful act in order to prevent or avoid a greater harm
necessity
An act or omission that may be part of a series of acts or omissions constituting a course of conduct (use full term)
mere preparation
A significant activity that is taken in furtherance of some goal, or an omission that is part of a course of conduct in furtherance of some goal
substantial step
A person who aids and abets in preparation for crime commission, but who was not present at the crime scene
Accessory before the fact
A person whose acts directly resulted in the criminal misconduct in question
Principle in the first degree
This type of legal defense involves the defendant admitting to committing the act, but argues that it was necessary in order to avoid some greater evil
Justification
This requires that the accused has it within his/her power to complete the crime almost immediately
Physical Proximity test
If conspirators deal only with a ring leader who serves as a central hub, rather than each other, then it is this type of conspiracy
Wheel Conspiracy
A person who did not participate in the crime, but who furnished post-crime assistance to keep the offender from being detected or from being arrested
Accessory after the fact
A person who was present at the crime scene and who aided, abetted, counseled, or encouraged the principle
Principle in the second degree
This type of defense involves a defendant claiming that sone personal condition or circumstance at the time of the act was such that he or she should not be held accountable under criminal law
Excuse
This asks whether the accused had taken the last step or act toward commission of the offense
last-act test
When conspirators follow in sequence, and only deal with the individual who comes before them, is this type of conspiracy
Chain Conspiracy
A person who, with intent to promote or facilitate the commission of a crime, gives assistance or encouragement to the principle. This person is also liable as a principle before and during the crime
Accomplice
This legal doctrine holds that all co-conspirators are liable for the acts of co-conspirators that are taken in furtherance of the conspiracy
Pinkerton's Rule
This requires that a person being attacked retreat in order to avoid the necessity of using force against an attacker if retreat can be accomplished with complete safety
Retreat Rule
determining whether one came dangerously close to success in an Inchoate crime is the intent of this
Dangerous Proximity Test
The logical and legal requirement that a conspiracy must involve two or more parties
Plurality Requirement
The degree of criminal blameworthiness of one who aids, abets, encourages, or assists another person in the commission of a crime
Accomplice liability
A test traditionally used under common law to determine whether a person was guilty of attempted criminal activity. It requires that the accused has it within his or her power to complete the crime almost immediately
physical proximity test
A statute that permits the use of deadly force to repel life-or limb - threatening force in public spaces with no duty to retreat
Stand Your Ground