Essential Concepts
These are the three types of offences we studied to open the unit.
What are indictable, summary, and hybrid offenses?
At the close of his trial, instead of being found guilty, Shawn Clifton was labelled as this.
What is not criminally responsible?
This level of murder is both planned and deliberate.
What is 1st degree?
It's the party to an offence who helps the accused following their crime.
What is an accessory after the fact?
It can include both intent (knew), wilful blindness (could have known) and criminal negligence (should have known)
What is mens rea?
This defence can change a charge of second degree murder to manslaughter.
What is provocation?
It was the first of Canada's laws to deal with young offenders
What is the Juvenile Delinquent's Act?
It is a helpful defense. It's like this game, but multiplied by two.
What is double jeopardy?
It means to encourage or incite someone towards a crime.
What is to abet?
It's the best defense an accused person to have to a given crime.
What is an alibi?
It's the form of homicide committed 'in the heat of passion.'
What is second degree?
The Young Offenders Act applies to all accused of this age range.
What is 12-17?
It's the form of assault which includes the use of a weapon.
What is assault causing bodily harm?
In order for a homicide conviction, this must be proven, establishing a connection between the accused's actions and the actual death.
What is causation?
This responsibility lies with the Crown in a criminal case because the defendant is innocent until proven guilty.
What is the burden of proof?
These two defenses to a crime allow the accused to use force.
What are self defense and legal duty?
In R V. Parks, the defendant successfully used this special defense to his sleepwalking offense.
What is automatism?
It's the age of consent in most sexual assault cases.
What is 16?
It was a form of mens rea which we defined as 'did know a crime was possible, didn't care'.
What is recklessness?
Consider this like having the mens rea for a crime without successfully completing the actus reus.
What is an attempt?
It's the form of assault where the victim is wounded, maimed, or disfigured.
What is assault causing bodily harm?
This famous case involved the importation of heroin where the defendant offered the defense of duress.
What is R v. Ruzic?
It's a form of defense available to victims of domestic violence.
What is battered woman syndrome?
Upon sentencing, a judge may consider these two types of factors.
What are mitigating and aggravating factors?