Chapter 1 Crime and Criminology
Criminal laws are separated into What Two Groups?
Felonies and misdemeanors
A mass shooting is typically defined as the killing or injury of (blank) or more people.
4
Why do fraudsters often target older adults?
Older adults are seen as easy targets.
As a crime control theory, what does general deterrence rely on?
Fear of criminal penalties
_______ assumes that some people, more than others, are vulnerable to crime from birth.
Individual vulnerability model.
What is required before an arrest can be made?
Probable cause
What is a career criminal?
An offender who persistently engages in criminal acts.
Males are most likely to be violently victimized by _______.
a stranger
The ability to intentionally make choices that are not fully determined by forces beyond the individual’s control is defined as _______.
Agency
What is the condition that occurs when glucose levels in the blood fall below the necessary level for normal and efficient brain functioning
Hypoglycemia
Under the consensus view of crime, society has a duty to ____ all its citizens.
Protect
What is the definition of a career criminal?
A person who repeatedly or persistently engages in criminal acts, and organizes their lifestyle around criminality.
Under victim precipitation theory, the victim ____ their own victimization.
Initiates
The more prior incarceration experiences an offender has, the more likely they are to ____.
Recidivate
What do the biological, neurological, and genetic views on crime causation all share?
The belief that criminal behavior has both social and biological elements.
One of the ethical responsibilities of a criminologist is to be ____ in research
Objective
To whom is the information collected by the National Incident-Based Reporting System provided?
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)
About what percent of hate crimes are motivated by race or ethnicity?
50-60% (actual number is 55.8%, 50-60 is acceptable range)
_______ is a crime control policy that depends on the fear of criminal penalties convincing the potential law violator that the pains associated with crime outweigh its benefits.
General Deterrence Theory Or Specific Trait Theory
What do the biochemical, neurological, and genetic views on crime causation all share?
That crime has both biological and sociological elements.
Criminology is the study of crime itself, while Criminal Justice is the study of the agencies of ____.
Social Control
Which federal reporting system does the acronym NCVS stand for?
National Crime Victimization Survey
Question: When are violent crimes at their highest rates?
Fall
Under what theory does the prospective criminal weigh the costs and benefits to decide whether to commit a crime?
Rational choice theory
What theory holds that: People have a personal attribute or characteristic (trait) developed at birth that controls their inclination or propensity to commit crimes.
Master Trait Theory.