Social Structure Theories
Social Process Theories
People
The Letter "C"
Surprise!
100
According to Cloward and Ohlin, these types of gangs are the most violent, due to their disorganized structure and the use of violence and crime to gain status.
What are conflict gangs?
100
Social control theories are different from other criminological theories because, instead of focusing on what causes crime, they focus on this.
What is "Why obey the law?"
100
Differential Association
Who is Edwin Sutherland?
100
This school was instrumental in the development of many important sociological theories of crime.
What is the Chicago School?
100
Part of Labeling Theory says that people are blinded by this, which involves a person's main characteristics, but doesn't really describe the whole person.
What is master status?
200
This occurs when the rules of behavior in a society have broken down and chaos ensues.
What is anomie?
200
According to this theory, criminal behavior is learned the same way anything else is learned and requires not only exposure, but interaction with others.
What is Differential Association?
200
General Strain Theory
Who is Robert Agnew?
200
This theory incorporates elements of social disorganization and strain to explain why certain people will create their own norms and values to live by.
What is Cultural Deviance Theory?
200
Messner and Rosenfeld's Institutional Anomie Theory discussed the importance of this, which drives people to want to be successful and make money, but through individual competition, which isolates people and weakens the sense of community.
What is the American Dream?
300
These are the three major characteristics of social disorganization, according to Shaw and McKay.
What is economic disadvantage, residential turnover, and population heterogeneity?
300
This element of Hirschi's social bond refers to people's shared values, such as everyone agreeing that it's wrong to hurt people.
What is belief?
300
Primary vs. secondary deviance
Who is Edwin Lemert?
300
In his theory, Walter Reckless discusses how juveniles need high levels of this so as to not be "pushed" or "pulled" into crime.
What is containment (both inner and outer)?
300
The theory of Differential Reinforcement incorporates many of the principles of differential association, but also this important psychological concept.
What is operant conditioning?
400
According to Concentric Zone Theory, this is the zone with the most crime.
What is the transitional zone?
400
Edwin Lemert said that this type of deviance is directly due to the criminal label.
What is secondary deviance?
400
Crime will always be part of society (and even if we got rid of all crime, noncriminal behaviors would become criminal)
Who is Emile Durkheim?
400
Albert Cohen discussed the formation of deviant subcultures when juveniles become frustrated that they are unable to meet middle class standards. He discussed three types. This is the type that retreats into the comfort of the lower class neighborhood and is truant, promiscuous, and a drug user, but not outright hostile or criminal.
What is the Corner Boy?
400
This is the fundamental concept of Labeling Theory that discusses how people view and interpret the world and how this affects behavior.
What is symbolic interactionism?
500
Noah wants to make a lot of money so he can buy all the fancy things he wants. However, he doesn't want to have to take the time to go to school, get a job, and earn it the "right" way. So, instead, he decides to rob people on the street to get money. Noah's lifestyle would be this type of social adaptation, according to Merton's Theory of Anomie.
What is innovation?
500
A criminal who justifies his actions by saying, "I had to fight him because only cowards run away and I am not a coward!" is using this technique of neutralization.
What is appeal to higher loyalties?
500
Drift (between delinquent and conventional behavior)
Who are Gresham Sykes and David Matza?
500
When this is high in an area, there are high levels of social control (informal, institutional, and public) as well as a strong sense of community and trust, which reduces crime in the area.
What is collective efficacy?
500
This is the main difference between Social Structure theories and Social Process theories.
What is the fact that Social Structure theories discuss the importance of where you sit in society compared to others while Social Process theories focus on the impact of learning and the views and behaviors of others?
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