Definitions
The scientific study of crime and the reasons why people engage (or don't engage) in criminal behavior.
what is criminology?
Founder of the Italian School of Positivist Criminology. Suggested that criminality is inherited and that "born criminals" could be identified by how they look.
Who is Cesare Lombroso?
This theory states that people come to identify and behave in ways that reflect how others label them. This theory is most associated with the sociology of crime since labeling someone unlawfully deviant can lead to poor conduct.
What is labeling theory?
An agency established after the Industrial Revolution as a response to the environmental destruction of farms, oceans, and atmosphere.
What is The Environmental Protection Agency?
When individuals increase the likelihood they will be victimized, either actively or passively.
What is routine activities theory?
Funds that offenders must provide to victims of crime as a condition of their sentence.
What is restitution?
Believed that species survived through a process called "natural selection", those who successfully adapted to their habitat thrived and reproduced.
Who is Charles Darwin?
This theory in criminology explains crime as a free-will decision to make a criminal choice.
What is the rational choice theory?
Halting the transportation of contraband in Drug Interdiction.
He defined “white collar crime” and “differential association” & said that crimes were learned behaviors.
Who is Edwin Sutherland?
Refers to whether offenders actually knew what they were doing and meant to do it. Literally means "guilty mind"
what is mens rea?
Best know for his theory associating physique, personality, and delinquency. He defined three body types believed to be associated with criminality.
A theory proposed by Albert Reiss claimed that delinquency was a consequence of a weak ego or superegos among juveniles.
What is control theory?
An individual who decides to "reform" the world around them by attacking those he/she believes is responsible for the many injustices of the world.
What is the Disgruntled Citizen Killer?
This kind of family member is the strongest influence on the future criminality of the children.
What kind of influence does a mother have?
A unified national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, lessen America’s vulnerability to terrorism, and minimize the damage resulting from such attacks.
What is homeland security?
Shaw and McKay developed which theory?
What is Social Ecology Theory?
A school of thought that holds actions are morally right if they tend to promote happiness or pleasure (and morally wrong if they tend to promote unhappiness or pain) among all those affected by them.
What is Neoclassical theory?
This Act prevents a hate crime of defacing or destroying a religious object, punishments may include a year in prison or the death penalty.
What is the Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996?
Both of them believed that social controls were established in the first years of life, prior to age 10.
Who is Gottfredson and Hirschi?
One of the key elements of deterrence; the assumption that when people commit a crime they will perceive a high likelihood of being caught and punished
What is certainty of punishment?
Becker and Lemert contributed to the creating of this theary that had to do with stereotyping of the criminal.
What is labeling theory?
This theory describes the lack of social cohesion and solidarity and how this leads to deviance.
What is Anomie theory?
Acts of terror are performed by groups based on the ideals of their belief system.
What is Ideological Terrorism?
This influence on criminal behavior would be labeled as part of someone's biological makeup according to Wilson and Herrnstein.
What is verbal intelligance?