CH 1-Crime & Criminology
CH 2 - Nature and Extent of Crime
CH 3 - Victimization
CH 4 - Choice Theory
CH 5 - Trait Theory
100
Because criminologists are influenced by many disciplines (e.g., sociology, psychology, political science, natural sciences), the field of criminology is considered to be what?
Interdisciplinary
100
The Uniform Crime Report is a primary source of crime data collected by the ________________.
FBI
100
Which victimization theory claims that victims may initiate, either actively or passively, the confrontation that leads to their victimization?
Victim Precipitation Theory
100
Rational choice theory has roots in the __________ school of criminology developed by the Italian social thinker, Cesare Beccaria
Classical
100
What is Trait Theory?
The view that criminality is a product of abnormal biological or psychological traits
200
Who is the “father of criminology”; the man who referred to offenders as “born criminals”?
Cesare Lombroso
200
Critics of self-report studies frequently suggest that expecting people to candidly admit illegal acts is unreasonable. True or False
True
200
What category of victim precipitation occurs when the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker?
Passive Precipitation
200
The concept behind rational choice theory is that crime is a function of a decision-making process in which the potential offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act. True or False
True
200
What is social learning theory?
People learn to be aggressive through their life experiences.
300
Define Criminology
An academic discipline that uses the scientific method to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.
300
National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) is a comprehensive, nationwide survey of victimization in the United States conducted annually by the U.S. Census Bureau. True or False
False. Not conducted by the census bureau. NIBRS Requires police to provide a brief account of each incident to improve the accuracy and uniformity of crime reports.
300
What is the long-term stress associated with crime victimization resulting in depression, anxiety, flashbacks, and recurring nightmares?
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
300
What method of crime prevention that seeks to eliminate or reduce particular crimes in specific settings?
Situational Crime Prevention
300
Brain structure, brain damage, and brain chemicals are the causes of behavior in the __________ perspective.
Neurophysiological
400
The consensus view of crime suggests that the definition of crime reflects the preferences and opinions of people who hold social power in a particular legal jurisdiction. True or False
False - Interactionist View
400
What is challenge to the validity of the National Crime Victimization Survey?
Over reporting due to victims' misinterpretation of events Underreporting due to embarrassment, fear, or forgetfulness
400
List 3 rights included in the Victim's Bill of Rights
1. Notified of court proceedings 2. Present at court proceedings 3. Receive restitution 4. Receive information about conviction, sentencing and imprisonment 5. To know when offender is released 6. To have victim's information kept private 7. To make a victim impact statement during sentencing
400
People who believe that they will be caught if they commit crime are the ones most likely to be deterred from committing criminal acts. Which of the 3 elements of general deterrence does this reflect?
Certainty of Punishment
400
Twin Behavior Studies show a significant relationship between the criminal activities of Dizygotic (DZ) twins and a much lower association between Monozygotic (MZ) twins. True or False
False Twin Behavior Studies show a significant relationship between the criminal activities of MZ twins and a much lower association between DZ twins
500
What is the conflict view of Crime
A view of crime sees society as a collection of diverse groups who are in a constant and continuing struggle to gain political power in order to advance their economic or social situation
500
What are 2 challenges to the validity of the Uniform Crime Report?
Many serious crimes are not reported to police. Victims do not trust the police. Victims involved in illegal activities themselves. Police may define crimes differently Police Department may record only one crime if a series of crimes are committed during a single event
500
Explain the difference between the Individual Costs and System Costs of Victimization.
System Costs - The cost to maintain the justice system (police, courts, incarceration) Individual Costs - Mental and physical disabilities, loss of wages, cost of healthcare
500
Explain the difference between specific deterrence and general deterrence.
General Deterrence - The theory that the general public's decision to commit crime can be controlled by the threat of criminal punishment Specific Deterrence - punishing an offender severely will prevent them from committing crimes
500
Explain how Adoption studies show a link between genetics and crime.
Studies show that adopted youths were more likely to exhibit criminal behavior if their biological father’s were criminals – even when there was no contact.
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