Concepts
A method of drilling holes in an individuals skull to allow evil spirits to be released
What is Trephining?
Argues that criminals were "born" with Atavistic traits
What is Cesare Lombroso?
The violation of a norm
What is Deviance?
The underlying reason for committing a crime
Motive
Crime as learned behavior suggest that some types are learned from influential others
What is Learning Theories?
What is Mens Rea?
Argued that the "Y" chromosome lead to aggressive behaviors due to an increase in testosterone. "Super males".
What is Patricia Jacobs?
Someone who violates the rules and as a result, people react negatively
What is Deviant Individual?
Purposely and knowingly wanting to act for foreseeing the acts immediate outcomes
What is Specific Intent?
The way a society distributes legitimate and illegitimate opportunities in a community that will influence the crime rates
What is Social-Strain/Opportunity Theory?
"Higher class" individuals
What is Bourgeois?
Sociologist who viewed crime as a normal part of society and is necessary for defining normal boundaries
What is Emile Durkheim?
Lay outside of the jurisdiction of the law
What is Non-Criminal Deviance?
The anticipated direct outcome of an act
Says criminal behaviors are learned from intimate others
What is Different Association (E.Sutherland)
A condition produced by normlessness due to rapidly shifting moral values. They have very few guides to what is socially acceptable
What is Anomie?
What is Paul Topinard?
The legal rights to think as you wish, hold public office, religious beliefs as you desire
What is Legitimate Tolerable Deviance?
Ex: Intent to kill in addition to the act of murder
Suggests that being officially labelled as criminal, deviant, etc will often transform and maintain criminal behavior by "criminalizing" them
What is Labeling Theories?
Illegal acts that capitalize on a person's status in the marketplace
What is White-Collar Crime?
A philosopher who saw crime as rooted in class conflict and inequality
What is Karl Marx?
What is Criminal Tolerable Behavior?
A situation where the law assumes a different kind if intent although it is technically absent
What is General Intent?
This theory tries to explain how societal or structural influences such as communities and gang involvement are translated into criminal behavior
What is Social Process Theories?