This discovery prompted the scientific study of victims
What is the discovery that victims play an important role in the crime process
100
Victim risk diminishes rapidly after age
What is 25
100
This category of victim precipitation occurs when the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker?
What is passive precipitation
100
Rational choice theory has roots in the this school of criminology developed by the Italian social thinker, Cesare Beccaria.
What is classical school
100
The decision to commit crime can be controlled by the threat of criminal punishment
What is general deterrence
200
The long-term stress associated with crime victimization resulting in depression, anxiety, flashbacks, and recurring nightmares is called
What is post-traumatic stress disorder
200
The elderly are most often victims of a narrow band of crimes that includes
What is fraud
200
The view that victimization results from the interaction of three everyday factors: the availability of suitable targets, the absence of capable guardians, and the presences of motivated offenders is called
What is routine activities theory
200
At the end of the 19th century, the popularity of the classical approach began to decline as these criminologists focused their attentions on internal and external factors - such as poverty, IQ, and education - rather than personal choice and decision making
What is positivist
200
Research on the immediate impact of well-publicized executions
What is failed to find evidence that an execution produces an immediate decline in the murder rate
300
Victims of crime, especially childhood abuse, are more likely to commit crime themselves. This abuse-crime phenomenon is termed:
What is the cycle of violence
300
This refers to a victim's physical weakness or psychological stress that renders them incapable of resisting or deterring crime
What is Target vulnerability
300
According to Cohen and Felson, why did crime rates increase between 1960 and 1980?
What is Because guardians decreased as a result of increased female participation in the workforce
300
According to the rational choice approach, the decision to commit crime is structured by
What is where the crime occurs and the characteristics of the target
300
This aspect of deterrence theory is believed to have the greatest effect on deterring crime
What is certainty of punishment
400
Referencing the social ecology of victimization, in general, violent crime is more likely to take place here
What is in a park
400
Tom has been repeatedly victimized while wearing the home team's football jersey while sitting on the visiting team's side of the football field. What aspect of repeat victimization accounts for Tom's troubles
What is target antagonism
400
Counselors who help victims to understand the operations of the criminal justice system, who guide victims through the justice process, and who may provide transportation to and from court are called:
What is victim advocates.
400
Drug dealing is considered a rational crime
What is Because drug dealers approach their "profession" in a businesslike fashion.
400
Rational choice theory has roots in the positivist school of criminology.
What is False
500
Research indicates that this is significantly related to female violent victimization rates
What is economic inequality
500
This victimization theory claims that victims may initiate, either actively or passively, the confrontation that leads to their victimization
What is victim precipitation theory
500
This program assist victims who feel isolated and vulnerable and who are in need of immediate or emergency services
What is Crisis intervention
500
Closed circuit television (CCTV) surveillance cameras and improved street lighting are mechanical forms of:
What is crime discouragers/defensible space
500
Referring to personality and criminal choices, Larry Siegel states criminals are more impulsive and have less-self control than other people.