Rooted in the belief that evil spirits and/or the devil caused them to engage in deviant or criminal behavior
What are pre-classical theories?
100
The belief that human beings have this is essential to classical criminology.
What is free will?
100
According to Sheldon these individuals tend to be soft and relaxed.
What is endomorphic?
100
When society’s ability to serve as a regulatory mechanism breaks down, the selfish, greedy tendencies of individuals are uncontrolled causing a state of this, or normlessness.
What is anomie?
100
The loot from a burglary, or the status achieved by killing a member of a rival gang, are both examples of this.
What is positive reinforcement?
200
Still condones the use of exorcisms
What is the Roman Catholic Church?
200
Means guilty mind.
What is mens rea?
200
Science of determining human dispositions based on distinctions in the skull, which are believed to conform to the shape of the brain
What is phrenology?
200
This refers to the idea that hard work will result in the achievement of personal goals.
What is the American Dream?
200
This theory argues that individual behavior is shaped through the process of operant conditioning.
What is social learning theory?
300
Enlightenment thinkers talked about individuals having the right to pursue life, liberty and this.
What is happiness?
300
Classical theories emphasize this as the cause of criminal behavior.
What is choice?
300
When a person or feature of an individual is a throwback to an early stage of the evolutionary development that individual (s) are said to be this.
What is atavistic?
300
This is the adaptation to strain that occurs when an individual accepts the goals of society and has the means to achieve the goals.
What is conformity?
300
This is the rational component of conformity; this relates to the person’s stake in legitimate activities.
What is commitment?
400
The principle of the greatest good for the greatest number
What is utilitarianism?
400
According to Beccaria, this is the purpose of punishment.
What is deterrence?
400
The assumption that most human behavior is determined by factors beyond free will and free choice
What is determinism?
400
According to Cohen, disadvantaged youths are likely to experience failure in school because they are unprepared to conform with middle-class values and fail to meet this.
What is the middle-class measuring rod?
400
In labeling theory, this is used to refer to crimes which occur as a result of an individual having been caught and labeled.
What is secondary deviance
500
States that individuals follow rules in return for protection from rule violators.
What is the social contract?
500
Punishment is designed to stop a particular offender.
What is specific deterrence?
500
Lombroso believed that these individuals were evolutionary throwbacks
What are born criminals?
500
Agnew identified two additional categories of strain: presentation of noxious stimuli and this.
What is removal of positively valued stimuli?
500
When an offender arrested for shoplifting states: “The store is owned by a huge company; they wouldn’t have even noticed this loss,” it is an example of this technique of neutralization.