AC 1's
Four stages of the parliamentary process of law making
Green paper, white paper, First reading, second reading, Committee stage, Report stage, Third reading, House of Lords, Royal assent
2 forms of Social control are
Internal forms
External forms
Who are the Judiciary?
Judges
Which subheading of sociological theories include Durkheim and Merton's strain theory
Functionalist theories
1 case which highlights the police as ineffective in achieving social control.
Failures in the Hillsborough disaster have highlighted weaknesses in the police showing they are more than prepared to cover-up their mistakes in order to protect themselves.
Stephen Lawrence
Mark Duggan
Judicial Precedent and Statutory interpretation
Internal social control is
Moral conscience
Superego
Tradition and culture
Morality
Internalisation of societies rules
Right from wrong- not criminal
4 features of a defensible space
Safe image
Safe location
Territoriality
Natural surveillance
What is the policy that has arisen from operant conditioning used in prisons
Token economy
The date of the Unit 4 exam
4th of June!
The relationship between the Crown Prosecution Service and the police
CPS work closely with the Police during early stages of investigation. The CPS have 24 hour advice service called CPS direct which provides charging advice to the police when required. Police will act as witness for the CPS in court.
The 5 aims of Punishment
Retribution
Rehabilitation
Deterrence
Public Protection
Reparation
CPTED means
Crime prevention through environmental design
situational crime prevention is- name one weakness of this policy
Situational Crime Prevention- Target hardening through gates, fences, CCTV, Alarms or police presence.
It may displace crime and to a different time or place, they may choose another method and the may choose a different more vulnerable victim
a prison sentence achieves two aims of sentencing Give 1 reason.
Rehabilitation.....
Retribution....
3 features of the crime control model
Seek to deal with criminal cases quickly and efficiently. Seeking a conviction at any cost.
Conveyor Belt
Focus on ‘Zero Tolerance’ approach. Links to Right Realism theory. ▪ Focus on protecting the rights of the victims rather than the defendant.
Reparation is
Seeking to fix the harm caused, by repaying society and /or victim
Can be Community sentences or Fines
Left realist approach
Asbo's did not be work according to theorist as?
Labelling theorists argue labelling someone as deviant can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy. People with ASBO's were internalising the label and living up to it, earning status amongst their peers.
Rational choice theory is
Deciding to commit a crime is a choice based on a rational calculation of the consequences. Do the costs of committing the crime outweigh the benefits or not.
1 limitation for prisons in achieving social control
Overcrowding
High rates of re-offending
Moral imperative
Resources
Civil liberties
The Due process model is
Promotes fairness & protecting the defendant’s legal rights.
Obstacle course
PACE
Argues that police powers should be limited to prevent oppression of the individual.
Argues the justice system should safeguard an individual’s rights to avoid miscarriages of justice & wrongful convictions.
2 Aims of a Prison sentence.
Retribution
Deterrence
two aims of the Police service in maintaining social control
To keep the peace and maintain order
To protect life and property
To prevent, detect and investigate crime
To bring offenders to justice
What is Lombroso's theory on causes of crime?
Criminals have physiological indicators that link to different types of crimes. These are biologically determined atavistic characteristics.
4 limitations to agencies in achieving social control
- National/local policies
- Crimes of moral imperative
- Finance
- Legal rights