Heuristics
rule of thumb strategy that often allows us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently
What is a heuristic?
implicit memory effect in which exposure to a stimulus influences responses to a later stimulus
What is priming?
Pushing an individual to believe and confirm particular information
What is framing?
Critical thinking teaches us how to form good questions and how to identify BS, and to understand that we might be wrong→we become self aware
What is how to think, not what to think by Jesse Richardson?
our impression of person is biased due to attractive traits
What is the halo effect?
the process of judging frequency, by “the ease with which instances come to mind” and the number of instances retrieved
What is an availability heuristic?
guide people to behavior
What is a mindful nudge?
A cognitive bias where an individual depends too heavily on an initial piece of information offered
What is anchoring?
though vulnerability may be the core of shame, fear, and struggle for worthiness, it is also the birthplace for joy, creativity, belonging, and love
What is the power of vulnerability by Brene Brown?
predictions about how much time and effort is needed to compute a future task display an optimism bias
What is a planning fallacy?
ex. Linda is more representative of a feminist bank teller than just a bank teller alone, so people give the second answer
What is a representativeness heuristic?
use emotion or framing to sway decision
What is mindless nudging?
making an immediate decision without thinking of the bigger picture
What is a narrow framing?
three cognitive traps that influence how we think about happiness: reluctance to admit complexity, confusion between experience and memory, and the focusing illusion
What is the riddle of experience versus memory by Daniel Kahneman?
people often demand much more to give up an object then they would be willing to pay to acquire it
What is endowment effect?
We hate losing options even if they are bad ones
What is a diversification heuristic?
facilitate existing behavior
What is an encouraging nudge?
considering each decision in the context of other decisions
What is broad framing?
Many of our decisions are not residing within us, but within the person who designed the situation/option/choice
What is Are we in control of our own decisions? by Dan Ariely?
risk of confirming negative stereotype about group you belong to; overcame by 1. Thinking about role model 2. Making another identity salient 3. Adopting a growth mindset 4. Use self-evidence
What is the stereotype threat?
an error in reasoning whereby we predict our affect incorrectly, we are the worst predictors of ourselves, overestimate positive and underestimate negative
What is affective forecasting?
hinder behavior that is undesirable
What is a discouraging nudge?
ex. fee for using credit card vs. discount for paying card; two economically equivalent, but not emotionally, influences decisions
What is emotional framing?
Power Poses!
What is Your Body Language shapes who you are by Amy Cuddy?
we view money not as actual numbers but on psychological value; by Kahenman
What is prospect theory?