Social Structure Theories
He is considered the founding father of academic sociology in France and coined the term "anomie."
Who is Emile Durkheim?
The extent to which associations lead to criminality depends on these four factors.
What are frequency, duration, priority, and intensity?
Conflict theories have roots in this ideology, which focuses on class struggle between the bourgeoisie and proletariat.
What is Marxism?
This concept in cultural criminology refers to the constant interplay between constructions upwards and constructions downwards.
What is the dual construction of meaning?
A group of college freshmen move from a small rural hometown to a large urban university. They feel disconnected, overwhelmed by diverse values, and unsure of what rule apply. This state of normlessness is called what?
What is anomie?
According to Agnew, strain does not automatically lead to crime. What factor determines whether strain results in deviance?
What is how individuals cope with strain?
This technique shifts blame away from the offender, often blaming peers or external forces.
What is denial of responsibility?
Conflict theories argue that the rich and powerful often escape punishment for their own misdeeds by using these two resources.
What are money and influence?
Cultural criminology often examines youth crimes like vandalism and car theft as forms of this, rather than purely economic acts.
What is self-expression?
Alex, a college freshman, starts hanging out with a group of friends who frequently cheat on exams and brag about getting away with it. Over time, Alex adopts the same behavior, believing it's acceptable. According to Social Process Theories, which theory explains Alex's learned deviance?
What is Differential Association?
According to Social Disorganization Theory, what is the primary reason crime persists in certain neighborhoods despite changes in population?
What is breakdown of social institutions and informal social control?
Self-control theory suggests that low self-control is established during this life stage.
What is early childhood?
This theory argues that crime, law, and punishment originate from deep inequalities of power and resources in society.
What is critical theory?
Cultural criminology emerged in the mid-1990s but draws heavily on earlier work from this influential school of thought.
What is the Chicago School?
At CCBC, a group of students begin stealing and vandalizing campus property, filming the acts for social media likes. They describe it as "fun" and a way to gain status online. According to Cultural Criminology, what concept explains this behavior as tied to identity, media, and self-expression rather than economic need?
What is expressive criminality?
This theory argues that groups such as gangs develop their own norms and values that justify criminal behavior as a way to gain status and belonging.
What is Deviant Subculture Theory?
According to labelling theory, this process may embed individuals further into a criminal lifestyle.
What is processing through the criminal justice system?
According to conflict theorists, the strongest group in society uses this mechanism to define the values of weaker groups as deviant.
What is the law?
This criminological perspective focuses on the continuous generation of meaning around rules created, rules broken, and moral entrepreneurship.
What is Cultural Criminology?
A group of college students notices that campus safety policies focus mainly on preventing theft and vandalism, but rarely address issues like sexual harassment or intimate partner violence. They decide to research how gendered experiences of crime are overlooked in criminology and advocate for policies that recognize power imbalances and social structures.
What is feminist criminology.
Which zone in the concentric zone model is most associated with high crime rates under Social Disorganization Theory?
What is the Zone in Transition.
Matza's theory suggests that young people drift between these two types of behavior.
What are conventional and deviant behavior?
This branch of critical theory focuses on women's oppression and strategies for change, emerging strongly in the 1960s.
What is Feminist Criminology?
Cultural criminology shifts focus away from background factors like age and class to this immediate aspect of crime.
What is the existential foreground of crime?
Jordan is a sophomore at a large university. Recently Jordan's scholarship was revoked due to a drop in GPA. At the same time, Jordan's long-term partner up with them, and they've been dealing with constant criticism from a demanding professor. These strains have clustered together, leaving Jordan feeling angry and overwhelmed. Instead of seeking help, Jordan begins hacking into the school's grading system and vandalized the professor's office. Identify and explain Agnew's three sources of strain.
What is
Failure to achieve goals (scholarship loss)
Removal of positive stimuli (breakup)
Presentation of negative stimuli (professor's criticism)