Theory
Stigmas or stereotypes are attached to individuals, usually juveniles, that influence criminal behavior.
Labeling Theory
Crime results from a lack of stability within transitional neighborhoods
Social Disorganization
Prostitution and purposeful unemployment violate what laws?
Vagrancy Laws
These consisted of citizens who regulated the activity of slaves as their civic obligation for pay, rewards, or exemption from other duties.
Slave Patrols
Offenses committed against individuals because of their race, religion, ethnicity, sexual orientation or disability
Hate Crimes
Political, economic, and social inequality between men and women led to crime
Feminist Theory
Individuals have free will to choose whether to commit crimes
Classical Theories
Since 2018, there have been around what number of police use of force cases in Ohio.
5,500
Attitudes/stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner
Implicit Bias
When recording multiple-offenses, the UCR uses this rule to document the highest crime committed while leaving lower-level offenses undocumented.
Hierarchy Rule
Individuals will commit crime due to the inability to obtain economic success through acceptable means
Strain Theory
Argues that crime is the result of the “have” versus the “have nots”; those who have the power versus those who don’t
Conflict Theory
One policy, law, or era that contributed to mass incarceration.
war on drugs, tough on crime era, mandatory minimums, truth in sentencing laws, etc
preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience
Prejudice
What are the three ways to look or track crime data?
UCR, NCVS, NIBRS
Social and cultural values that exert control over and reinforce that behavior of an individual
Social Control Theory
Feelings of guilt are rationalized, denied, or appealed to higher loyalties
Neutralization Theory
The national trend wherein children are funneled out of public schools and into the juvenile/CJ system. Targets minorities, poor families, and students with learning disabilities.
refers to a group of people who identify with each other through a common heritage,
consisting of a common language, a common culture (often including a shared religion), and a
the tradition of common ancestry
Ethnicity
A philosophical truism that people are rational and seek to do what brings them pleasure and to avoid pain
The values of subcultural groups within society are more influential upon individual behavior and interactions than are laws and norms of the larger social group.
Cultural Deviance Theory
Disadvantaged areas influence the likelihood for crime to occur
Concentric Zone Theory
Laws that say that the people convicted must serve the majority of their sentence before they are eligible for parole
"Truth" in sentencing laws
20th-century progressive era reformers whose intent was to mitigate the roots of child delinquency and to change the treatment of juveniles under the justice system.
Child Savers
Identify 2 "issues" with the UCR.
Dark figure of crime, hierarchy rule, not every offense is recorded for multi-offenses, police don't report all crimes