More Theory
What theory of crime suggests that teens hanging out with deviant or criminal peers is problematic?
What is learning theory (or more specifically, differential association theory)?
According to Merton’s strain theory, these individuals accept society’s goals but lack legitimate means to achieve these goals so they turn to crime.
Who are innovators?
The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) uses a process consisting of these steps.
What is 1) a screening questionnaire and 2) an incident report? (So it's a two-step process.)
The goal of these is to promote the safety and security of crime victims and to assist with their participation in the criminal justice system.
What are victim service providers (VSPs)?
The violent crime rate in the U.S. did this between 1990 and 2000.
What is decrease?
According to this theory, we can decrease crime by increasing the certainty, severity, and celerity of punishment.
What is rational choice theory?
According to this theory, a person who is labeled deviant or criminal may be more likely to commit future crimes.
What is labeling theory?
Murder is measured by this data collection effort.
What are NIBRS and the UCR (also referred to as the Summary Reporting System)?
Remember that the NCVS asks people if they've been victims of certain crimes. It wouldn't make sense to ask someone if they've been the victim of murder within the past 6 months. So the NCVS does not measure murder.
This term refers to the fact that individuals are often both victims and offenders of crime.
What is the victim-offender overlap?
One in five hate crimes in the U.S. are directed towards these individuals.
What are LGBTQ individuals?
According to Sampson and Laub, getting married may serve as this.
What is a "turning point" where an offender may veer off the road from a life of crime?
According to this theory, behavioral problems in children (e.g., stealing, bullying) are strong predictors of future criminal behavior.
What is life course theory?
This data collection effort can measure crimes that are not reported to the police.
What is the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)?
This theory posits that crime is more likely when the following three components converge in time and space: a motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian.
What is routine activities theory?
According to the authors of your textbook, research suggests that this is more important than skin color when it comes to crime trends.
What is income level?
According to this school of criminology, people have free will.
What is the classical school of criminology?
One of the implications of this theory is that we need to try to build bonds between potential offenders and society (e.g., encourage people to attend church, participate in extracurricular activities, etc.)
What is social control theory?
The FBI instructed law enforcement agencies to submit their data in this format starting in 2021.
What is the National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS)?
NIBRS is replacing the UCR (also referred to as the Summary Reporting System).
The Crime Victims' Rights Act of 2004 focused on these three rights for victims.
What are
1.The right to be informed
2. The right to be present in court and
3. The right to be heard?
The violent and property crime rates did this between 2000 and 2015.
What is decrease?
According to this perspective, once negative behavior patterns have been established, they cannot be changed.
What is the continuity theory of crime?
Remember that the continuity theory of crime is associated with self-control theory.
According to this school of criminology, human behavior is controlled by social, biological, and psychological factors, not by free will.
What is the positivist school of criminology?
The clearance rate is generally higher for this type of crime.
What are violent crimes (compared to property crimes)?
Much of the violence women experience is in the context of this.
What is intimate partner violence?
The U.S. murder rate in 2020 was significant because of this.
What is because the murder rate had its largest single-year increase on record?