Definitions
The type of reasoning that moves from the specific to the general
inductive reasoning
In your own words, what is conceptualizing?
The process of specifying what we mean by a term
How are we going to define the variables in our study
What is reliability?
What is validity?
reliability: consistency
validity: accuracy
Give an example of the running head for a paper titled:
An Evaluation of Solitary Confinement Within the Criminal Justice System
Solitary Confinement and the Criminal Justice System
an abbreviated version of the title, 50 characters max
Define a theory
Give an example of a theory mentioned in class or in a lab
A logically interrelated set of propositions about empirical reality.
social learning, routine activities, labeling, general strain, social bond
A measurement showing that
measures of a phenomenon at two points in time are highly correlated, if the phenomenon has not changed or has changed only as much as the phenomenon itself
test-retest reliability
Name the three common types of measurement operations Criminal Justice researchers use
HINT: How do we collect data?
Questions, Observation, Unobtrusive Measure
What are some examples?
An approach that calculates reliability based on the correlation among multiple items used to measure a single concept
BONUS: For an additional 50 points - What is the reliability measure commonly used to measure this type of reliability
inter-item reliability
BONUS: Cronbach's alpha
Correct the following in-text citation
(Mastroleo et al., 2018; Green et al., 2014, Turrisi et al., 2006).
(Green et al., 2014; Mastroleo et al., 2018; Turrisi et al., 2006).
Why is a thorough Method section important?
REPLICATION
Did you use appropriate measures to make your conclusions?
Was it designed appropriately for your research question?
These will affect the quality of your results
Variables whose values have no mathematical interpretation; they vary in kind or quality but not in amount; also called categorical level of measurement, qualitative level of measurement, or attribute
BONUS: for an additional 50 points - Name the other 3 levels in order
Nominal level of measurement
BONUS: Ordinal, Interval, Ratio
In your own words, what is operationalizing?
The process of specifying the operations that will indicate the value of a variable for each case
How are we going to measure our variables
What type of Validity?
a questionnaire designed to assess police officer stress, where the questions directly address common stressors like long hours, high pressure situations, and exposure to traumatic events, thus appearing to measure what it intends to
face validity
On the surface the measure appears to measure what is intended
Create the Parenthetical in-text citation for the following reference
Guy, E., Platt, J. J., Zwerling, I., & Bullock, S. (1985). Mental health status of prisoners in an urban jail. Criminal Justice & Behavior, 12(1), 29- 53.
(Guy et al., 1985)
Create a Hypothesis using the following variables: binge drinking and anxiety Name IV & DV
Students who engage in higher levels of binge drinking will report higher levels of anxiety.
Independent Variable (IV): Binge drinking
Dependent Variable (DV): Anxiety
OR
Students with higher levels of anxiety will engage in higher levels of binge drinking.
Independent Variable (IV):Anxiety
Dependent Variable (DV): Binge drinking
The use of multiple methods to study one research question
AND
the use of two or more different measures of the same variable
triangulation
Isabelle asks two teachers to rate the level of juvenile delinquency displayed by high school students in her study.
The two teachers provide different ratings.
Her measure of juvenile delinquency might be said to lack ______
inter-rater reliability
What does this mean?
What type of validity?
a test designed to assess a police officer's knowledge of traffic laws, where the test questions cover all relevant sections of the state's traffic code, ensuring comprehensive coverage of the subject matter
content validity
Content validity refers to the extent to which a test or assessment accurately measures the specific content it intends to assess.
Does it cover the full range of the concept
What is included in an in-text citation for
-1 author
-2 authors
-3 or more author
last name, year
first author last name &/and second author, year
First author, et al., year
Which type of validity?
a new test designed to predict recidivism (reoffending) that accurately measures the theoretical construct of "likelihood of reoffending" based on its correlation with actual recidivism rates and other relevant factors
construct validity
Construct validity refers to the extent to which a test or measure accurately reflects the theoretical construct it is intended to measure.
it checks if a tool is actually measuring what it claims to measure
Exists when findings about one group, population, or setting hold true for other groups, populations, or settings
cross-population or external validity
Name the 4 levels of measurement
Give an example of each
Nominal: gender, religion, ethnicity, occupation, region of country, marital status (No numeric meaning)
Ordinal: clothing size, Socioeconomic status, level of satisfaction, education level (Can rank these, but nothing else)
Interval: temperature, pH, IQ, SAT scores, Credit Score, Time of Day (Zero does not mean the absence of ___)
Ratio: Height, Weight, Age, income, number of drinks (Zero means the complete absence of the variable)
A probation officer consistently scoring the same risk assessment tool on the same offender, repeatedly, with similar results demonstrate ____
intra-rater reliability
What does this mean?
What information is required for a full APA citation (a citation found in the reference list)?
HINT: 7 parts
Author(s), Publication Year, Title of Article, Name of Journal, Volume/Issue, Page Range, DOI (if available)
Name 2 of the 4 types of research described in Chapter 1
HINT: not qualitative/quantitative, not empirical/review/theoretical
HINT: They differ in the goal of research
Descriptive research (define/describe phenomena)
Exploratory research (investigate without expectation)
Explanatory research (identify cause/effect of social phenomena)
Evaluation research (research regarding outcomes of social programs or intervention)