This older term for language transfer is no longer used to refer to the possible effects that a person’s L1 exerts on their L2.
What is “Interference”?
100
This research approach in the 1950’s and 1960’s hypothesized that differences between L1s and L2s were responsible for the difficulties people had acquiring a second language.
What is contrastive analysis?
100
Studies of L2 acquisition of English negation have demonstrated that though differences between L1 and L2 do not appear to have an effect on L2 acquisition, learners whose L1 rule for negation matches the English L2 rule will acquire the L2 rule more ______ than learners whose L1 rule is incongruent with the English rule. (1 word)
What is quickly?
100
Julie, the exceptionally successful late learner described in chapter 2, acquired this language.
What is Arabic?
100
This is the topic marker in Japanese.
What is wa?
200
Negative L1 transfer that does not lead to noticeable errors of commission of to ungrammaticalities in the L2.
What is avoidance?
200
In a 1977 study, Swedish researcher Kenneth Hyltenstam called into question contrastive analysis and error analysis by demonstrating that we can’t predict whether an L2 learner would have an easier or harder time acquiring this linguistic feature by knowing how it’s done in the learner’s L1.
What is negation?
200
Avoidance may lead to more acceptable production, but because learners take fewer risks they may have delayed development: “Making fewer errors is not always a ______!” (2 words)
What is “good thing”?
200
This is the estimated percentage range that Birdsong gives for late learners who can acquire native-like proficiency in the L2
What is 5-25% ?
200
“Let down”, “back up”, “turn up”, “look up to” are this kind of verb.
What is phrasal?
300
This principle is based on the observation that transfer phenomena can be understood by understanding how learners perceive similarities and differences between L1 and L2.
What is interlingual identification?
300
A study by Jarvis (2002), demonstrated that children whose L1 was Swedish did a better job than children whose L1 was Finnish in acquiring the use of this in English.
What are articles? Or What is “the” (and zero article)?
300
“The facilitative effects of L1 knowledge can be all too easily ignored, perhaps because the instances of positive transfer are difficult to ___________.” (1 word)
What is identify?
300
The development during the first 10-12 years of life of white-matter substance around the brain’s nerve fibers which protects the nerves and enables faster conduction of information across nerve cells.
What is myelination?
300
English, Finnish, and Swedish: Which of two these three languages are typologically or genetically related?
What are English and Swedish?
400
The observation that marked forms tend to be more difficult to learn, so that a form that is more marked in the L2 than the L1 will lead to learning difficulties.
What is the markedness differential hypothesis?
400
An practical implication for writing teachers based on Rutherford and Schacter’s study of L1 Chinese learners of English is that students may benefit more from becoming aware that English doesn’t do as much topicalizing as Chinese rather than from learning how to produce these in English.
What are relative clauses?
400
“Evidence slowly accumulating from a number of diverse perspectives strongly supports the conclusion that not only the L1, but all _______________, can influence additional language learning.” (3 words)
What are all previously learned languages?
400
The fraction of the brain’s cortex is dedicated to controlling motor skills in the lower face, lips, tongue and throat.
What is one third?
400
Finnish uses a suffix to mark location while English uses prepositions. In a study of L1 speakers of Finnish, learners produced sentences like “The girl stole a loaf of bread the car and run away” which is an example of this.
What is zero preposition?
500
The principle named by Henning Wode that misleading similarities between the L1 and the L2 are be at the root of learning difficulties.
What is the Crucial Similarity Measure?
500
In a study of French 6th graders learning English, researchers found the presence of an unexpected sub stage of development in the acquisition of inversion for forming questions. Students accepted “Where can I buy a bicycle?” and “Why fish can live in water?” because French allows inversion with pronoun and with this.
What are nouns?
500
"Pavelnko and Jarvis (2002) have called attention to __________, or the fact that ‘crosslinguistic influence can simultaneously work both ways, from L1 to l2 and form L2 to L1’”.
What is bidirectional transfer?
500
The actual relative amounts of L2 and L1 use at the time of the study or how much the person being tested is currently using the L2.
What is language activation?
500
With regard to information structure, languages are of two types: Subject-prominent and this.