Tissues and Stem Cells
In animal cells: A network of polysaccharides and proteins (such as collagen secreted by fibroblasts) make up this gel-packed structure.
What is the Extracellular Matrix (ECM)?
The type of tumors that are known as non-cancerous
What are Benign Tumors?
A type of cell signaling that travels locally (communication between cells within tissues)
What is Paracrine Signaling?
This phase of mitosis starts with the nuclear envelope abruptly breaking down and the microtubules attach to kinetochores of chromosomes to facilitate movement
What is Prometaphase?
The nuclear envelope reconstructed during this phase of mitosis
What is Telophase?
The dividing stem cells in the gut are at the bottom of this structure
What is the crypt?
Malignant cancer cells spread (metastasize) from primary site via either of these paths to anchor and form secondary tumors
What is the bloodstream and the lymphatic vessels?
Molecules that relay messages from initial messenger to other signaling proteins and organelles in the cell
What are Secondary Messenger Molecules?
This complex phosphorylates proteins required to drive the cell division cycle forward
What is the Cyclin/Cdk Complex?
A family of proteases that are key players in apoptosis
What are Caspases (Bak, Bax, Bad)?
This protein plays a key role in ECM and intracellular communication, which is also crucial for the Decel-Recel technology
What are Integrins?
A signaling protein activated by RTK and PI-3 kinase that can promote cancer if too much growth/survival signals is received
What is AKT (PKB)?
A cellular effect coming from cAMP is usually this speed
What is Lightning Fast?
This type of microtubule reaches out and holds on to their kind on from the opposite centrosome
Cells receive these "Divide!" signals from their environment that stimulate cell division by overcoming the cell cycle checkpoints
What are Mitogens?
Epithelial cells are connected to one another via these junctions
What are tight junctions, adherens junctions, gap junctions, desmosomes, and hemidesmosomes?
This gene is essential in inhibiting Cdks which stops cell proliferation; it is also called a tumor suppressor gene
What is p53?
The signaling molecule that gets recruited when the G-Protein receptor is phosphorylated. This puts the receptor in a continually activated state which is called
What is Beta-Arrestin? What is Desensitization?
Errors in chromosome segregation will occur when these molecules are defected
What are Cohesin Rings?
To initiate anaphase, these molecules (A) are broken by this molecule (B) so that sister chromatids can separate and move to opposite poles of the cell
What are (A) cohesin rings? What is (B) separase?
(A) This signaling molecule needs to be degraded before entering the nucleus in order for cell differentiation
(B) This signaling molecule activates stem cell gene transcription
(A) What is B-Catenin?
(B) What is Wnt?
Cancer drug therapies such as Gleevec block the activities of this oncogenic enzyme to inhibit cell proliferation
What is oncogenic kinase?
Ca2+ release from the ER is caused by A activating B
What is (A) phospholipase C [PLC]? What is (B) IP3?
This signaling cascade influences Cdc25 phosphatase activity, and can increase or decrease mitotic events
What is the MAPK signaling cascade?
Organelles in the cell are divided during this time of mitosis
What is the End of Mitosis/Cytokinesis?