Europe
What made the Dark Ages in Europe "dark"?
The advancements made by the Roman Empire disappeared. The period is characterized by warfare, disease, illiteracy, poverty. No achievements in science, math, engineering, art, medicine made during this time.
What was the primary religion of the Middle East during the Middle Age?
Islam
Who called for Christians of Europe to go on the first crusade?
Pope Urban II
Why would a peasant or serf join the Crusades?
Forgiveness of sins, chance to get rich, escape the manor, make pilgrimage to the Holy Land
Who did the crusaders first attack on their way to the Holy Land and why did they attack?
Jews living in segregated communities in Europe. They believed the Pope had given his blessing to kill anyone who was non-Christian.
What is one reason a European might join the crusades?
Forgiveness of sins & ticket to heaven
See the Holy Land
Debts erased
Opportunity for wealth through plunder
Which group controlled Jerusalem and the Holy Land at the time of the First Crusade?
Muslims
What city of the Byzantine Empire did the crusaders try to help and also had to travel through to get to the Holy Land?
Constantinople
List one of the Pope's objectives in calling for the first crusade.
1.Drive Turks from Byzantine Empire
2. Regain Christian control of Jerusalem, the Holy Land
3.Unify the East and West, and provide the opportunity for healing the Great Schism on his terms.
4. To increase his own power and influence over Christendom
What did the Crusaders wear to identify them as Christians?
Red cross on their tunics.
What was the ECONOMIC system in place in Europe during the Middle Ages and how did it work?
Manorialism. Each manor was a "self-contained world" where the manor provided all necessities and trade was not needed.
What were the the names of the group of Muslims who controlled the Byzantine Empire and stopped the pilgrimages of Christians and Jews?
Seljuk Turks
Who was the emperor of the Byzantines who wrote the letter to the Pope asking for help?
Emperor Alexius
Name an economic effect of the crusades.
1. Stimulated Mediterranean trade
2. Introduction of fabrics, spices, perfumes from Middle East
3. Goods traded: Sugar, cotton, rice and muslin –words borrowed from Arabic
Who was the Muslim leader who united Muslims and retook Jerusalem after the 2nd Crusade?
Saladin
What was the POLITICAL and SOCIAL system in place in Europe during the Middle Ages and how did it work?
Feudalism. Kings would exchange land for loyalty and military service. The hierarchy was: King, noble (lord), lesser noble (or lord, knight) peasant or serfs at the bottom of society.
Muslims expanded their empire onto the European continent in which country and ruled for 600 years.
Spain
What were the "kingdoms" that the crusaders established in the Holy Land along the way to Jerusalem?
The 4 Crusader States (Kingdom of Jeruslaem, Edessa and Antioch and Tripoli)
How did the crusades affect relations between the religions of Christians, Jews, and Muslims?
Created religious hatred and bitter feelings which in some ways still exists today.
What European king was unsuccessful in the Third Crusade but was able to reach a truce with Saladin that allowed Christians access to places they considered holy?
Richard I, king of England or Richard the Lion Hearted
Did the knowledge of the ancient Greeks and Romans disappear from Europe during the Middle Ages? Explain.
Yes and no. While it was not valued by most Europeans because it was considered "blasphemy" (going against Christian Church doctrine) it was hidden away and preserved by monks and a few others who could read.
What was the title of the religious and political leader of the Islamic empire?
Caliph
Which of the Crusades achieved their goals?
Only the First Crusade captured Jerusalem and the Holy Land. The other 8 were failures for the Christian Europeans.
Name two cultural or intellectual effects of the crusades.
Vast increase in cultural horizons for many Europeans – exposure to various cultures/languages Advances in math, science, medicine, navigation, engineering (lost in the fall of Rome) regained from Muslims
How did the Crusades affect feudalism and the king's power?
Weakened feudalism because nobles who joined the crusades sold their lands and freed their serfs.
The Kings power increased and they were able to build strong central governments.