Toddlerhood
For a vocalization to be a TRUE WORD, it must meet what three important criteria?
What is… 1) it’s produced w/ a clear purpose, 2) it must have recognizable pronunciation similar to the adult form, 3) it must be used consistently and extend beyond the original context
Relational vocabulary that preschoolers begin to use referencing family (e.g., parent, mom, dad, sister, grandma)
What is… kinship terms
The ability to use language to talk about language, necessary for school-age children who are no longer learning to read but reading to learn!
What is… metalinguistic competence
Regional or social varieties of language that differ from one another in terms of their pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar
What is… a dialect
A framework used as a classification of health and health-related conditions for kids and adults that was developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) that should be used in interprofessional and collaborative practice and person-centered care.
What is… the International Classification of Functioning (ICF model)
Idiosyncratic “wordlike” productions toddlers may use consistently and meaningfully but do not sound like adult forms
What is… a phonetically consistent form (PCF)
Three MAJOR language development milestones seen in preschool-aged children
What is… a) decontextualized language, b) theory of mind, c) emergent literacy
A form of figurative language used by many school-age children that contains both a literal and a figurative meaning (e.g., I JUST LOOOOOOOVE EXAM WEEK!)
What is… sarcasm
An American English regional dialect with frequent vowel variations; specifically, /Ɛ/ and /ɪ/ used the same way (pin and pen sound identically like “pin”)
What is… Southern dialect
Individuals who exhibit significant impairments in the comprehension and/or production of language in form, content, and/or use have…
What is… SLI
Systematic, rule-governed patterns of error that characterize a toddler’s speech (e.g., gliding, cluster reduction, weak syllable deletion, etc.)
What is… a phonological process
The six reliable stages of theory of mind development in a preschooler.
What is… 1) children demonstrate sensitivity to diverse desires, or the understanding that people can have different desires for the same thing; 2) they demonstrate sensitivity to diverse beliefs, or the understanding that people can have different beliefs about the same situation; 3) children show sensitivity to knowledge access, or the understanding that something can be true but someone might not know it to be true; 4) they understand false belief; 5) children understand hidden emotion, or the notion that someone can feel a certain way while displaying a different emotion; 6)children understand sarcasm – a nonliteral type of language in which the meaning of a speaker’s words is the opposite of the literal interpretation.
What are... elaborated noun phrases, adverbs, conjunctions, mental verbs, linguistic verbs
True or false - Many ChE speakers are not bilingual and they may not know Spanish at all, but still use some Spanish words and phrases
What is… true
Individuals who present with significant deficits with reasoning, planning, solving problems, abstract thinking, comprehending abstract/complex concepts, reduced learning skills, as well as poor conceptual skills, social skills, and practical skills like self-care, likely have difficulty with language secondary to…
What is… intellectual disability (ID)
The TWO-WORD stage of development typically seen as a milestone in toddlerhood marks the beginning of which language component?
What is… syntax
The ”letter-name pronunciation effect” is a strong hypothesis that argues how preschool-age children develop alphabet knowledge. Describe it.
What is… the argument that children have an easier time learning alphabet letters with the name of the letter in its pronunciation when compared to letters for which this is not the case (e.g., “a” or “e”)
A type of discourse used by school-age children used to convince another listener/audience to adopt a certain stance or take action consistent with a specific point of view
What is... persuasive discourse
True or false - if a child who speaks AAE omits /s/ when speaking with possession (my cat’s food) or plurality (the dogs are outside), this is an indicator that they likely present with a language disorder and not a language difference.
What is… false
If damage is seen in the frontal lobe, we could see executive functioning deficits, such as problem solving, reasoning, or self-awareness; these impairments can affect language, and their abilities to participate in therapy and make maximal progress. This is an example of a person who would have difficulty with language secondary to…
What is… TBI
One way for researchers to measure a toddler’s theory of mind development; the way in which a toddler understands that others’ beliefs can differ from theirs
What is… a false belief task
Stage 2 of Chall’s Stages of Reading Development describing true reading fluency, or automatic reading; children at this stage no longer are pairing letters with corresponding sounds in spoken words (decoding)
What is… “Ungluing from print”
Cues that a narrator is telling or ending a story; a form of expressive elaboration used by school-age children
What is... an appendage
The process by which a child acquires two first language in succession within the first 3 years of life
What is… sequential bilingualism
Children who speak in echolalic sentences and phrases prior to speaking intentionally with individual self-generated single words are likely…
What is… gestalt language learners