Preschool
Name the 3 major language milestones in preschool children.
Decontextualized language
Theory of mind
Emergent literacy
What does "ungluing from print" mean as it relates to a Chall's levels of reading development in school age children?
Stage 2: Reading fluency, automatic reading
Using contractions as a second-person plural pronoun (ya’ll) or using contractions to acknowledge each individual in a group (all ya’ll) is an example of which American English regional dialect?
Southern
According to Wendy Chung, why has the prevalence of an ASD diagnoses increased?
Possibly overdiagnosis? Also, the COVID-19 pandemic. We’ve changed the definition ofwhat ASD is, and how we evaluation and assess. We also can diagnose it earlier, as young as infants.
What are the three major language milestones in toddlerhood?
First words
Gestures
Theory of mind
What is the difference between contextualized and decontextualized language?
•Contextualized language: grounded in the immediate context, or the here and now
•Decontextualized language: relies heavily on the language itself in the construction of meaning
•Using sound modifications when joining certain morphemes (Differentiating plurality (5-6 yo); Using /ɪz/ to differentiate plurality in words; Matches, watches vs. hats, shoes
•Vowel shifting (Changing the form class of a word by adding derivational suffixes; /aɪ/ to /ɪ/; decide/ decision
•Distinguishing stress and emphasis (12 yo) (Often differentiate nouns from verbs (record/record)
African American English (AAE) is an example of a American English geographic dialect. True or false?
False? (sociocultural dialect!)
According to Rebecca Knill, what is one example of how technology has changed what it's like to D/deaf?
Texting, for example, has made things more convenient, but also, it’s a visual option. It’s accessible for both hearing people and people who are Deaf. But being accessible is not enough. Being connected is essential. Closed captioning, video transcripts. “Closed captioning for the hearing impaired” has changed to “Subtitles turn on/off.”
What is the difference between a referential gesture and a deictic gesture?
•Referential gestures: indicate a precise referent and has stable meaning across different contexts (holding a fist to the ear to indicate telephone, pretending to go to sleep, waving the hand bye-bye)
•Deictic gestures: indicate meanings that change depending on the context (pointing, showing, giving)
Which hypothesis about emerging literacy suggests that children learn letters for which corresponding consonantal phonemes are learned early in development before letters for which corresponding consonantal phonemes are learned later?
Consonant-order hypothesis
In school-age children there are individual differences in language development oftentimes seen between males and females. For example, females tend to use more politeness strategies than males. WHat's an example of this?
•Hedges:* (I sort of want to take a bike ride today)
•Boosting devices (I’m really surprised to hear that)
•Compliments (I love your shoes)
•Apologies (I’m sorry to ask, but would you mind turning town the TV?)
Some research indicates that when children who speak a nonstandard dialect increase their use of MAE across first and second grade, they experience significantly more difficulty with reading than children whose use of MAE does not increase over these early grades. True or false?
False! When children who speak a nonstandard dialect increase their use of MAE across first and second grade, they experience GREATER GAINS in their reading than children whose use of MAE does not increase over these early grades. (think metalinguistic competence)
The impact of body function and structure.
Activity levels and participation.
Environmental and personal factors.
What is the difference between a phonological process and phonological awareness?
Phonological processes are systematic, rule-governed pattern of errors that characterize a toddler’s speech; kids appear to make errors are in fact using systematic, rule-governed processes as they speak and are not simply making haphazard sound substitutions.
Phonological awareness refers to a child's sensitivity to the sound units that make up speech; changing and manipulating sounds in words to change the meaning of the word; not typically seen in children until the preschool years.
Describe two examples of LATER DEVELOPING phonological awareness skills in preschool children.
•Deeper knowledge of phonemes
•Count the number of phonemes in words
•Segment words into constituent phonemes
•Manipulate segments within words
One difference between narrative production skills in school-age children when compared to preschool children is that preschool children can move backward and forward in their narratives, whereas school-age children only move forward in time. True or false?
False!
Why do ELLs code switch? (3 reasons!)
•Fills in lexical or grammatical gaps
•Provides pragmatic effect
•Align with the social norms of their community
What does the WHO ICF model have to do with learning about language development, and working with children with language disorders?
?!?!?!?!
What is the Quinean Conundrum and how does it relate to vocabulary development in toddlers? What framework is in place that attempts to explain how toddlers increase receptive and expressive lexicons?
The uncertainty surrounding the MAPPING of a word to its referent in the face of seemingly endless interpretations referred to as the Quinean Conundrum after philosopher W.V.O. Quine. Enter: The lexical principles framework.
Name and define two different types of narratives preschool children can produce.
•Personal narratives: a factual event
•Fictional narratives: an imaginary event
What is the difference between expository discourse and persuasive discourse?
•Expository discourse: language used to convey information
•Persuasive discourse: language used to convince another listener/audience to adopt a certain stance or take action consistent with a specific point of view
What are the four stages of second language acquisition for children learning English as a second language?
1. Home language stage
2. Nonverbal period
3. Telegraphic and formulaic use
4. Language productivity
If a child presents with delays in the English language but no delays in their primary language, then it's okay to still diagnose that child with a language disorder. True or false?
False! This is likely a language DIFFERENCE.
•Wug test: a task used by researchers – not clinicians – to explore a child’s acquisition of grammatical morphemes (Berko, 1958) using allomorphic variations to prompt a child's response to an adorable made-up creature. Remember: allomorphs are a variation of a morpheme with the same meaning but different sound (e.g., -s). Berko elicited three allomorphs by presenting children with a pseudoword and then prompting them to say what two of the same word might be called.)