Cerebral Cortex
When this part of the brain is injured, we expect to observe deficits in executive function.
What is the prefrontal cortex?
This is the only sensation that does NOT travel through the thalamus, but instead has a direct synapse to the cortex
What is olfaction?
Damage above the point of ___________ will result in symptoms in the opposite side of the body.
what is decussation?
A patient with Parkinson's Disease will have difficulty with the balance of inhibition and excitation in the direct and indirect pathway due to loss of this neurotransmitter.
What is dopamine?
In the past, the cerebellum was known only as the part of the brain for controlling this skill.
what is motor coordination?
From the Kleim & Jones article: People must practice a skill in order for neuroplasticity to occur. In other words "____ it or _____ it"
What is Use it or Lose it
You observe right lower facial droop in a patient and you are trying to determine if the damage is LMN or UMN. ______ must be present to conclude UMN damage
What is intact upper face?
Not all cranial nerves decussate at the same level of the brainstem. Some decussate at the level of the midbrain, some at the pons and some at the level of the _________
What is the medulla
Because we have multiple BG / cortical loops (direct/indirect pathways), disease of or damage to the basal ganglia would not only result in reduced motor control and coordination, but also impairments in _________
What is cognition?
Damage to this deep cerebellar nucleus would result in loss of the efferent pathway between cerebellum and cerebral cortex
What is the dentate
Blocking flow of ______ can lead to hydrocephalus which results in increased intracranial pressure and displacement of the cerebral cortex ("pushing it" outward to the skull), potentially causing hemorrhage.
What is cerebral spinal fluid
What is weakness in the left side of the tongue?
This critical arterial structure overlays the brainstem and is responsible for keeping a consistent supply of oxygenated blood to the brain.
What is the Circle of Willis?
This part of brain anatomy is a relay station from basal ganglia (BG) to the cortex and is highly excitatory until signals from BG modulate it.
What is the thalamus?
This syndrome is associated with damage to the cerebellum and symptoms include poor emotional regulation, reduced executive function and reduced social cognition
What is CCAS / Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome?
When an individual has damage to the dorsal language network (including Wernicke's area), we expect this component of language to be most impacted.
What is comprehension?
After a complex dental procedure, a patient is referred to you for chewing and loss of sensation to the right lower face, you conclude the _____ branch of CN ____ is the probable cause
A patient has a stroke in the right lateral medulla, impacting the nucleus ambiguus (NA). What cranial nerves that we studied will be impacted by this?
what is IX(glossopharyngeal) and X(vagus)
In the direct pathway, dopamine binds to D2 receptors and acts as a(n)
what is inhibitor?
Damage to the cerebellum can result in distant damage in the contralateral cerebral cortex, called
What is diaschisis
When we have patients practice a task specific skill, with high repetition and intensity, we are hoping to engage this phenomenon.
What is long term potentiation?
You have a patient present with the inability to adduct the vocal folds for swallowing. The ____ branch of the ___ cranial nerve would be impacted.
recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus (X) nerve
This long columnar nucleus in the brainstem is responsible for basic biological functions such as arousal, sleep/wake cycles and respiratory rate. Damage here has been associated with coma.
What is the reticular formation?
When a neuron that expresses this neurotransmitter is inhibited, the result is too much excitation.
What is GABA?
A patient has a reported brain injury to the cerebellum from a fall. They present with difficulty with language and cognition but NOT motor. This cerebellar lobe is impacted.
What is the posterior lobe?