Section A
Energy Cannot be Created nor Destroyed
The Law of Conservation of Energy
The outdated theory that described heat as a weightless fluid flowing from hot to cold bodies.
caloric theory of heat
The type of wave where compressions and rarefactions are formed.
Longitudinal wave
Charging an object without direct contact by redistribution of electrons.
Charging by induction
This experiment showed that most alpha particles passed through gold foil with little deflection.
Geiger–Marsden (Rutherford) experiment
This is how the unit Newton (N) can be expressed entirely in base SI units.
kg·m·s⁻²
The temperature of a substance is directly proportional to this microscopic quantity of its particles.
Average kinetic energy of its molecules
The ability of sound to bend around obstacles and be heard around corners.
Diffraction
The difference between conventional current and electron flow direction.
Conventional current flows positive to negative, electron flow is negative to positive
This explains why atoms are electrically neutral overall despite containing charged particles.
Equal positive and negative charges balance (protons = electrons)
Principle of moments
This principle states that for a body in equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moments equals the sum of anticlockwise moments.
A substance of mass 2 kg with specific heat capacity 500 J/kg°C is heated by 10°C; this is the thermal energy gained.
10,000 J
Arrange from shortest to longest wavelength: gamma rays, infrared, visible light.
Gamma rays → visible light → infrared
A 3 A current flows for 10 minutes; the charge transferred is this value.
1800 C
Q = It
This type of radiation is stopped by paper or skin.
Alpha radiation
An object of mass 2 kg is taken to a planet where the gravitational field strength is 5 N/kg; this is its weight on that planet.
10 N
This happens to the temperature of a substance during a phase change, even though heat is still being added.
It remains constant
This type of image is formed in a plane mirror and cannot be projected onto a screen.
Virtual image
The force experienced by a current-carrying wire in a magnetic field is explained by this rule.
Fleming’s left-hand rule
This nuclear process powers the Sun and involves light nuclei combining at extremely high temperatures to form a heavier nucleus, releasing energy.
Nuclear fusion
When the centre of gravity of an object falls outside its base, this happens to the object.
it becomes unstable and topples
When heating ice to steam, this stage requires the most energy due to breaking intermolecular forces completely.
vaporization (latent heat of vaporization)
This equation relates image distance, object distance, and focal length.
1/f = 1/u + 1/v
This factor increases the induced e.m.f. in a coil.
Faster rate of change of magnetic flux (or stronger magnetic field / more turns)
A radioactive isotope has a half-life of 12 hours. A sample starts at 160 g. After 36 hours, this mass remains.
20 g
(36 hours = 3 half-lives → 160 → 80 → 40 → 20)