Chapter 8
This is a type of inmate creates an exaggerated image of toughness by using violence in sexual acts to maintain a masculine image.
What is a jocker?
One reason inmates around the country are getting older.
What is "offenders are serving longer sentences"?
Running Away, Truancy and Underage Drinking are all considered this type of offense.
What is a status offense?
London magistrate Sir Henry Fielding is credited with creating this - a precursor to the first formal police department
What are the Bow Street Runners?
What is indigent?
Three reasons cited as explanations for the increased rate of homosexuality in prison
What are overcrowding, idleness, and deprivation?
According to the textbook, this philosophy of punishment best explains the rise in elderly incarceration.
What is "just deserts"?
This was designed to measure disparities at every stage of the juvenile justice system by comparing rates of contact experienced by different groups of youth.
What is the Relative Rate Index?
This terms refers to the police denying equal protection by failing to take action to protect members of minority groups
What is "underpolicing"?
This prohibited the exclusion of individuals from jury selection and service based on certain characteristics (religion, race, gender, national origin, economic status)
What is the Federal Jury Selection and Service Act of 1968?
This asserts the legal responsibility for a crime such as murder is decreased because of the emotions surrounding a proposition of a heterosexual male by a homosexual male.
What is the homosexual advance theory?
This accounts for the majority of criminal behavior of people 55 and older.
What is alcohol-related arrests, such as driving while intoxicated and public drunkenness?
Child maltreatment rates may vary by this
What is parental employment status and economic situation?
These were laws designed to nullify the rights granted to newly freed slaves in the U.S.
What are Black Codes?
In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that a prosecutor's use of peremptory challenges may not include the dismissal of members of the jury pool based solely on their race.
What is Batson v Kentucky?
This is the social and physical transformation of an individual in an effort to compensate for the pains of imprisonment
What is prisonization?
Proponents of this argue that elderly offenders are inherently different and merit special consideration in the justice process, especially since the pains of imprisonment are more taxing on elder offenders.
What is geriatric court?
William Blackstone argued this group of people were incapable of committing crimes.
Who are "infants" (considered age 7 and under)?
These are considered the 3 eras of policing
What are the political, reform, and community eras?
This occurs when a jury acquits a defendant despite strong evidence of guilt due to the belief that the law is unjust or unjustly applied or the punishment is too harsh for the particular case
What is jury nullification?
This incident spawned the "Gay Power" movement (a massive grassroots gay liberation movement, similar to that of Blacks, women, and college students of the 1960s)
What is the "Stonewall Incident"?
This is one of the most important issues facing correctional institutions in this country.
What is the healthcare of elderly inmates?
This piece of legislation solidified the role of status offenders in the juvenile justice system
What is the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act?
This terms refers to the challenges faced by minority officers who may be viewed as traitors by some in their community, while White officers may distrust them as colleagues
What is double marginality?
The Supreme Court ruled in this case that all individuals who enter the court system have the right to counsel at all critical stages of the criminal justice process.
What is Gideon v Wainwright?