THEORIES
_____saw history as driven by the hand of god.
St. Augustine
Jericho
- has Natufian layers, especially in its pre-ceramic Neolithic phases.
Lewis Henry Morgan
- he proposed that human societies evolve through three main stages: savagery, barbarism, and civilization
_____ is an intervention in the life cycle of a plant that can contribute to the process of domestication.
Propagation
____was greatly influenced by Marxism and saw prehistoric peoples as going through “revolutionary” transformations including the Neolithic and Urban Revolutions.
V. Goldon Childe
Sheep and goat, Barley and wheat
some of the first plants and animal to be domesticated in the Levant in the early to the late Neolithic period.
Kent Flannery
- came up with system theory
- argued that archaeologist must consider information and material evolution
Pleistocene
A period of human history when there was an increase in sea level throughout the world was much lower than it is today.
_______argued that before civilization humanity was in a “state of nature” described as “nasty, brutish, and short.
Karl Marx
The Neolithic
- Period between 1000 to 6000 years ago
- Period of plant and animal domestication
Elman Service
- Reintroduced the ideal of stages in cultural evolution
- strong states developed as a result of adaptation to the environment
- developed 5 societal types (Ban, Tribes, chiefdom, states, empire
Chiefdoms can have corporate forms of political organization
True or false
The approach that Franz Boas developed as a critique of 19th Century cultural evolutionism
historical/cultural particularism
A Southwest Asian site showing signs of temporary occupation, microliths, and bone fish hooks, but lacking ground stone tools, pottery, or evidence of domestication, would date back approximately how many years?
- 8000 B.C.
- 11,000 B.C.
- 6000 B.C.
Julian Steward
- first person to think deeply about human interaction with the environment
- Argue for multilinear cultural evolution
- Argue to look for similar kind of environment and similar cultural patterns
What is Domestication?
-
- it is the process by which humans selectively breed and manage wild animals or plants to alter their characteristics, making them more beneficial for human needs.
- this process results in species that are dependent on humans for survival and exhibit traits that differ from their wild ancestors
Theory of multilinear cultural evolution
Provides a framework for explaining the development of cultural differences among societies
Karim Shahi
an Early Neolithic site in the Zagros Mountains of the Fertile Crescent
Robert Carneiro
- Developed the circumscription theory
- Environment and social Circumscription trigger population and pressure and competition
- war leaders became general leaders
- conquered people fill the lower class
Broad-Based Subsistence economy
- the exploitation of diverse plant and animal resources (food resources)