Cultural Deprivation
What class does Cultural Deprivation affect?
Working-Class
What pressure makes working-class children want to leave school as early as possible?
Economic
Which speech code (Restricted or Elaborated) is simpler?
Restricted Speech Codes
Does the under-achievement have to do with race?
No
Define Social Exclusion
Being excluded from participation in social institutions.
What is the main idea of Cultural Deprivation?
Working class family life lacks the attributes that contribute to middle-class success.
List the Two (2) types of Gratification, and their meaning
Immediate - As soon as it is offered
Deferred - Not taking it, in the belief you might get something better.
What are Speech Codes?
The Language and Vocabulary that people use in order to convey meanings
What was thought to be the original cause of under-achievement?
Parental Attitudes/Parental Deficiency
A decline in what type of jobs excluded boys from traditional forms of industrial employment?
Manufacturing
What perspective is Cultural Deprivation beliefs?
Marxist - They believe that education systems are dominated by middle-class norms, values, beliefs, and ideologies.
List one (1) thing that makes a tendency towards Immediate Gratification?
Parental Attitudes/Economic Pressures
Who talks in Restricted Speech Codes?
The Working Class
What mostly makes students believe that education is not necessary, or is not for them?
Parental Attitudes, and internalizing from home backgrounds.
List three (3) effects of being socially excluded.
Lower education, no job, no friends.
What are three (3) variables that contribute to cultural deprivation?
Parental Attitudes, Family Size, Position within Family, and Limited Care of Babies
What % of mothers ASSUMED their children would go to university?
~80%
(Not 40%, as the less affluent mothers HOPED that they go to college.)
How does Bernstein's studies still hold up today?
Not greatly, speech patterns have flattened, and the middle class youth uses restricted forms much more often.
What proved that a commitment to education was not the main issue?
Caribbean Saturday Schools
Where was social exclusion found? (2x points if you name the exact city)
Middlesbrough, England.
What was the sociologist's (who studied cultural deprivation) name AND beliefs?
Westergaard and Resler
Parents are invested in their children's learning, but they are unable to actively help.
The middle-class families believe greatly in deferred gratification, an example being education being a pathway to high-status employment.
Bernstein believed what about middle-class children?
They have a significant educational advantage due to abstract thinking and reasoning, and a requirement to use elaborated codes.
Hanafin and Lynch believed education was not from parental deficiency, but instead from...
Parents feeling excluded from the decision making process in schools
Mac an Ghail argued that under-achievement was not From culture of working class, but from what?
The Labor Market