Unit 1:Reformation and Exploration
Martin Luther was a part of what Monastic order?
Order of Saint Augustine
What was the first permanent English colony in the new world?
Jamestowne
What is the Second Defenestration of Prague?
Protestant princes in Bohemia threw King Ferdinand II’s imperial emissaries out of the windows of the castle
What is Social Contract Theory
Citizens and their governments are always in a contract where citizens agree to give up some rights in return for the government promoting order and protecting remaining rights.
What exhausted England's funds?
The money they borrowed during the French and Indian War
Why did Paul Revere & William Dawes ride through the night?
On April 18, 1775 (six months after the 1st Continental Congress), hundreds of British troops marched from Boston to Lexington and Concord to seize stockpiled guns.
How many states ratified the Articles of Confederation in 1778?
8 states out of 13
Why was the French Revolution Important?
It took many of the ideas of the American Revolution to the next level: all people were considered equal, tyranny EVERYWHERE needed to be abolished (political and religious), and forms of government could be radically new.
What major river did the U.S. government gain control over after the Louisiana Territory was purchased?
The Mississippi
What is considered to be the starting point of slavery in the North America
a significant starting point to slavery in America to be 1619, when the privateer The White Lion brought 20 enslaved Africans ashore in the British colony of Jamestown, Virginia.
Which two religious/political leaders wanted Martin Luther to recant his 95 theses?
Emperor Charles V and Pope Leo X
What were 4 things brought from the old world to the new world?
Answer can be any four of these:
livestock (beef, pork, etc), wheat, olives, coffee, citruses, grapes, onions, sugar, honey, and most major diseases like smallpox, malaria, the flu, typhus, and measles. They also brought the species of mosquitoes that carry diseases.
Who is Gustavus Adolphus?
the Protestant king of Sweden and military genius who decided to invade the Holy Roman Empire in 1630.
What does John Locke believe are natural rights?
“life, health, liberty, or property”
What did the Proclamation of 1763 do?
essentially closed off colonial expansion
Which side fired "The Shot Heard Round the World"
No one knows ;)
How long did it take for the remaining 5 states to ratify the Articles of Confederation?
3.5 years
Who made up the first estate?
Clergy:
was the priests that ran both the Catholic church and some aspects of the country. The clergy also had the power to levy a 10% tax known as the tithe.
How much was the Louisiana Territory bought for?
15 million dollars
Did any Northerners support slavery in the U.S.? Why?
many northern businessmen grew rich on the slave trade and investments in southern plantations.
What is the true title of Martin Luther's 95 Theses?
“Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences”
What were 4 things brought from the new world to the old world?
Answer can be any four of these:
Vanilla, Chocolate, Tomatoes, Beans, Potatoes, Pineapples, Corn, Peppers, Tobacco, and Squash, among many other things.
What causes France to join the Thirty Years War?
The Swedish are almost defeated in 1635
What idea is Montesquieu famous for?
the separation of powers
What did the Sugar Act do that created animosity between Great Britain and their colonies?
allowing the British courts to prosecute smugglers not colonial courts
Was Lexington & Concord a victory or defeat for the colonists?
VICTORY!
What were three problems that the Articles of Confederation had?
Disagreement led to government gridlock
Not enough funds
Cannot get worthwhile things passed
Impossible to get things passed because of disagreement
Financial trouble made it difficult to help others
No sense of loyalty
Who made up the second estate?
Nobility:
consisted of the nobility of France, including members of the royal family, except for the King. Members of the Second Estate did not have to pay any taxes. They were also awarded special privileges, such as the wearing a sword and hunting.
Why did France need to sell the Louisiana Territory?
Napoleon who was the ruler of France was about to go to war with Great Britain and Haiti was revolting against him.
How did slaveowners in the South keep their slaves dependent?
They were usually prohibited from learning to read and write, and their behavior and movement were restricted. Slave owners rewarded obedient behavior with favors, while rebellious enslaved people were brutally punished.
How long did the fighting between the Houses of York and the Lancaster last?
32 years
What did the Clarendon Code Outlaw?
Independent Puritan congregations
What 4 major problems was Europe/the World experiencing during the Thirty Years War that made it even worse?
Famine, Mini Ice Age, Plague, Economic Depression
What is one idea that Newton is famous for?
Establishing rules of gravity and writing about it as a force.
Establishing infinitesimal calculus
Inventing the first practical reflecting telescope.
What did the Sugar Act do that created animosity between Great Britain and their colonies?
allowing the British courts to prosecute smugglers not colonial courts
Where was the Second Continental Congress held?
Philadelphia
What was the main cause of the Articles of Confederation failing the early United States?
Inability to collect taxes
Who made up the third estate?
Commoners:
was made up of everyone else, from peasant farmers to the bourgeoisie – the wealthy business class. While the Second Estate was only 1% of the total population of France, the Third Estate was 96%, and had none of the rights and privileges of the other two estates.
Why was neither Britain nor the U.S. ready for the War of 1812?
British troops were fighting Napoleon in Spain and the Americans had just disbanded their national bank (founded by Hamilton) and so were broke.
What happened in 1818 that set off a bitter debate between the North and the South?
Missouri applied for statehood, but Missouri wanted to be a slave state
Why was Henry Tudor able to stop the fighting and keep his family on the throne?
He was related to the Lancasters on his mother’s side. His influential father was descended from minor Welsh nobility
He married Elizabeth of York, declared both houses were now united in his new House of Tudor, and that the wars were over.
Where was the first place Separatists moved to in order to gain religious independence? Why didn't they like it?
Holland. They grew tired of their young people speaking Dutch and enjoying Dutch luxuries. They wanted to be English and practice their religion in an English way. They did not want to acclimate to Dutch ways.
What health habit began in the 15th century which led to a decline in hygiene?
Europeans largely resorted to wiping themselves with dry cloths and changing shirts frequently
What was the French system of colonization like?
The French system of colonization focused on building alliances with Native Americans.
Why is the Stamp Act congress significant?
It was the first time the colonies unified against the British government
Where did Colonel Prescott's men fortify INSTEAD of Bunker Hill?
Breed's Hill
Describe the Great Comprimise
Connecticut proposed a two house legislative branch, where one was population-based (House of Representatives) and one had equal representation (the Senate) among the states. This plan additionally got the support of the south by adding that enslaved people would be counted as 3/5s of a person for representation purposes.
How many attackers died in the Storming of the Bastille?
83
What was Britain's most successful moment during the War of 1812?
Taking Washington D.C. and burning the White House
What was the compromise between slave & free states regarding Missouri and other unclaimed territory?
admit Missouri to the Union as a state that allowed slavery, but at the same time admit Maine as a free state. Additionally with the exception of Missouri, slavery would be banned in all of the former Louisiana Purchase lands north of the 36º 30’ latitude, which ran along Missouri’s southern border.
How was King Henry VIII able to marry his brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon?
How was King Henry VIII able to marry his brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon?
How were the Puritans and Pilgrims (Separatists) different?
The Separatists were a radical group of puritans who wanted nothing to do with the Anglo Church
How many people were killed during the Plague of London?
Bonus points: What was the population of London
100,000
Bonus points: 400,000
What allowed the English to win the French and Indian War?
Prime Minister William Pitt borrowed a lot of money to finance the war effort. This funding allowed the English to take Montreal, center of French power in America
What famous American patriot-lawyer (who would later become the second president of the USA) defended British soldiers involved in the Boston Massacre
John Adams
What did Thomas Paine's Common Sense claim to offer?
“nothing more than simple facts, plain arguments and common sense” about why the colonists should break free of Great Britain
Describe the Legislative Branch
The Legislative branch consists of the two houses of Congress: The House of Representatives and the Senate. Their main job is to make new laws.
How did the representatives from the Third Estate respond to the King locking them out of the Estates General?
The 3rd Estate then went to an indoor tennis court nearby and declared a new National Assembly.They vowed they wouldn’t dissolve the assembly until a new French constitution making society more equal was written.
Who, in 1810, called for Mexican Independence from Spain with El Grito de Dolores?
Father Manuel Hidalgo
Who is Fredrick Douglass?
African American writer who wrote about his experience as a slave
How did the Acts of Supremacy(1534) work?
This effectively made him the head of a church in England that was independent from Rome, politically breaking the Church of England from the Catholic faith.
Define each of the Three Sisters.
Corn, beans and squash
What started the Great Fire of London?
A bakery
Who is Metacom?
Also called Philip, Metacom was he son of Chief Massasoit. Became Chief of the Wampanoag tribe after his brother died
Why did some colonists hate the Tea Act?
This act allowed the British East India Company to sell tea directly to the colonies without stopping in Britain.
Cutting out colonial merchants
Which 5 men were called together to write the Declaration of Independence?
John Adams
Benjamin Franklin
Roger Sherman
Thomas Jefferson
Robert Livingston
Describe the Executive Branch
The Executive branch consists of the president and his cabinet (advisors). Their main job is to enforce the laws made by Congress.
Why did the August Decrees need to be passed?
to calm the population after the Storming of the Bastille
Why did James Monroe issue the Monroe Doctrine in 1823?
he saw that most of Spain’s colonies in the New World had achieved independence or were near being independent.
Who was Harriet Tubman?
African American woman who escaped slavery and was a conductor on the underground railroad
Which two purposes did exploring the Americas serve?
To find another advanced civilization to pillage, and to find the elusive sea way to China.
How were the Three Sisters helpful to each other?
Corn provides a place for the beans to climb. The Beans fix nitrogen in the soil for corn. Squash provides shade in the soil to keep it moist.
What caused the fire to spread so fast and so wide?
Little access to water ways and close quarters wooden buildings
Why is Metacom's Rebellion considered the bloodiest war, per capita, in U.S. History
Thousands of Native Americans were killed, wounded or captured and sold into slavery or indentured servitude. The war decimated the Narragansett, Wampanoag and many smaller tribes and mostly ended Native resistance in Southern New England
How much tea in dollars was thrown overboard into the Harbor?
The equivalent of 1 million dollars worth of tea were dumped into the harbor.
Define Hessians
German mercenaries hired by the British to fight in the New World. Named after the state of Hesse in Germany, where most of the Germans came from.
Describe the Judicial Branch
The Judicial branch consists of the Supreme Court and other, less important federal courts. Their main job is to interpret laws and make sure that new laws are “legal” and constitutional.
What happened to the Commander of the Bastille?
the commander of the fort was taken prisoner, executed, then had his head paraded around Paris on a pike.
What did the Indian Removal Act give the Federal government power to do?
To “exchange” Native held land east of the Mississippi River for land west of the river. The territory “given to them” was in modern day Oklahoma
William Still
African American man who helped slaves escape, wrote about & published their experiences to shed light on the atrocities of slavery. He is also thought of as the Father of the Underground Railroad.
Define Recant
to say that one no longer holds an opinion or belief, especially one considered heretical.
Define Cash Crop
a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower
Hap(b)sburg Dynasty
A very wealthy and powerful European family who controlled Spain and the Holy Roman Empire from the 15th century to the 20th.
Montesquieu
Rejected absolute governments and held to the belief that republics with a form of accountability is the right way.
Where was the First Continental Congress held?
Philidelphia
How did Washington escape from New York in August 1776?
Washington had his troops put rags on wagon wheels and silently crossed the river at night, shocking the British troops next morning.
Confederation
a form of government where several powers unite to form to form a central power (or government)
The August Decrees
A series of laws that abolished the taxes peasants had to pay nobles and the Church. They are widely considered to be the official end of feudalism in France.
Manifest Destiny
the belief of the divinely ordained right of the United States to expand its borders to the Pacific Ocean and beyond.
Define Cotton Gin
a simple mechanized device that efficiently removed the seeds.
Define Excommunication
the action of officially excluding someone from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian Church.
Indentured Servants
is a form of labor where an individual is under contract to work without a salary to repay a debt or loan.
Defenestration
the action of throwing someone out of a window
Empiricism
which is the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience.
Which colony did not show up to the first Continental Congress?
Georgia
What were the effects of the Battle of Saratoga?
The French and Spanish were convinced by the victory at Saratoga that the British were vulnerable and that the American colonists could be worthy allies. They joined the fight.
Federal Government
composed of three distinct branches: legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U.S. Constitution in the Congress
The Tennis Court Oath
“We swear never to separate and to meet wherever circumstances require until the kingdom’s Constitution is established and grounded on solid foundations.”
Westward Expansion
the United States unified desire and approach to moving westward and throughout North America.
Define Emancipation
the fact or process of being set free from legal, social, or political restrictions; liberation.