exam 1
type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally
nonpolar
type of transport that moves against a concentration gradient
active transport
strand that is synthesized discontinuously during DNA replication
lagging strand
site on DNA that turns an operon on or off
operator
element found in all organic molecules
carbon
the attraction of water molecules to other polar, non-water molecules
adhesion
organelle in which most of cellular respiration takes place
mitochondria
element used in hershey-chase experiment that is found in protein but not DNA
sulfur
viral DNA that is integrated into a bacterial genome
prophage
cell structure made of RNA + protein that's involved in translation
ribosome
1. sugar made of two monomers
2. the property of having an affinity for water/being able to dissolve in water
1. disaccharide
2. hydrophilic
1. major pigment molecule involved in photosynthesis
2. reaction in which energy is consumed
1. chlorophyll a
2. endergonic
1. type of bonds between nitrogenous bases in a DNA double helix
2. type of RNA that contains anticodons to make proteins
1. hydrogen bonds
2. transfer RNA (tRNA)
1. molecule that binds to a repressor to inactivate it
2. long distance cell signaling
1. inducer
2. hormonal
1. additional protection that surrounds a viral capsid in some animal viruses
2. pores in the mesophyll of plant leaves that allow for gas transfer
1. envelope
2. stomata
1. monomers of polypeptides
2. weak acids or bases that stabilize pH
1. amino acids
2. buffers
1. protein that uses the proton motive force to generate ATP
2. species that loses electrons in a redox reaction
1. ATP synthase
2. oxidized species/reducing agent
1. type of cell that undergoes meiosis
2. structure that produces microtubules during cell replication
1. germ line cell
2. centrosome
1. plant cell structure that mediates cell communication through direct contact
2. viruses that can only undergo the lytic cycle
1. plasmodesmata
2. virulent
1. molecule which has hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
2. location of the light reactions of photosynthesis
1. amphipathic
2. thylakoids
1. specific type of bonds found in carbohydrates
2. isomers that differ in the way their atoms are connected
3. protein structure that occurs due to interactions between R groups
1. glycosidic bonds
2. structural isomers
3. tertiary
1. alternate method of ATP production when oxygen is not available to a cell
2. ATP production driven by the combined action of the electron transport chain and the proton motive force
3. solution in which an animal cell will shrivel
1. fermentation
2. chemiosmosis
3. hypertonic
1. type of mutation that creates a stop codon where one did not previously exist
2. structure in female cells that serves as an indication of X inactivation
3. enzyme that links Okazaki fragments during DNA replication
1. nonsense point mutation
2. Barr body
3. ligase
1. subunits of viral capsids
2. enzyme that activate other proteins by phosphorylating them
3. derivative of ATP that serves as a common 2nd messenger in transduction
1. capsomeres
2. kinases
3. cyclic AMP (cAMP)
1. energy required to break the bonds in a reactant to initiate a reaction
2. a trait that is controlled by multiple genes
3. enzyme inhibition in which a molecule binds somewhere other than the active site
1. activation energy
2. polygenic
3. noncompetitive inhibition