DATA & DISTRIBUTIONS
Qualitative data
What type of data describes categories like hair color or major?
Simple random sample
What sampling method gives everyone an equal chance to be selected?
Mean
What is the center value of a normal distribution?
Null hypothesis
What hypothesis assumes no effect or no change?
Scatterplot
What graph shows the relationship between two quantitative variables?
Quantitative data
What type of data represents numerical measurements?
Stratified sampling
What method splits the population into groups and samples each group?
Standard deviation
What measures how spread out the data is?
Alternative hypothesis
What hypothesis represents the researcher’s claim?
Correlation coefficient
What value measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship?
Discrete data
What type of data is counted and has whole number values?
Cluster sampling
What method randomly selects entire groups instead of individuals?
Empirical rule
What rule states 68%, 95%, and 99.7% of data fall within 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations?
P-value
What value measures evidence against the null hypothesis?
Regression line
What line is used to predict values of y from x?
Continuous data
What type of data is measured and can take any value in a range?
Observational study
What type of study observes without applying a treatment?
Z-score
What value tells how many standard deviations a data point is from the mean?
Type I error
What error occurs when a true null hypothesis is rejected?
Residual
What is the difference between observed value and predicted value?
Right-skewed distribution
What type of distribution has a long tail to the right with most data on the left?
Double-blind experiment
What type of experiment keeps both subjects and researchers unaware of group assignments?
Area under the curve
What represents probability in a normal distribution?
Fail to reject the null
What decision is made when the p-value is greater than alpha?
Correlation does not imply causation
What warning reminds us that relationship does not prove cause?