Unit 1
Describe the structure of glycogen
Alpha glucose
Highly branched/ 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
State the area on an enzyme where the substrate binds
Active site
State which hormone is released to decrease blood glucose
Insulin
State two examples of mutualistic relationships
Zooxanthellae and coral
Mycorrhizae and orchids
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and legumes
Outline the roles of two enzymes involved in DNA replication
Helicase unwinds DNA and breaks H bonds
DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides and forms phosphodiester bonds between them
Outline what a deletion mutation is
Nucleotide/ base is removed
State the name of the hormone that controls our circadian rhythm
Melatonin
Where in England am I from?
Kent
Outline the disadvantages of the physical properties of water for aquatic mammals
High thermal conductivity so warm blooded mammals lose heat
State the word equation for anaerobic respiration
Glucose = Lactate/ lactic acid
Outline the adaptations of the xylem vessel for transport of water
No cell contents/ cells are dead
No cell walls
Lignin in walls to withstand tension
Pits for entry/ exit of water
Outline how lianas are adapted to obtain light in the forest canopy
Root on ground but climb up existing trees
If an mRNA sequence is:
AGGCCGAUUGCG
What was the DNA sequence on the sense strand?
AGGCCGATTGCG
Distinguish between incomplete dominance and codominance, with examples.
Incomplete is where phenotype is a blend (e.g Marvel of Peru)
Codominane is where both phenotypes are expressed (e.g. blood groups)
Outline how HIV can lead to AIDS
HIV attacks helper T cells
When numbers are too low then a person cannot fight infections
How many siblings do I have?
3
Describe what would happen to a plant cell in a hypotonic solution
Water potential lower inside plant cell
Water moves into cell
Plant cell becomes turgid
Outline the structure of glucose
Monosaccharide
6 carbons
C6H12O6
Thin wall/ one cell thick- short diffusion distance
Large surface area for exchange
Porous walls so substances can pass through easily
Describe the conditions required for coral reef formation
Shallow water
Warm temps
Slightly alkaline pH
Clear water
High salinity
State where in the cell translation takes place
The gene for attached ear lobes is recessive. If a female with attached ear lobes has a baby with a man who is a heterozygote, what is the probability that their child will also have attached ear lobes?
50%
Outline how a signal is transferred from one neuron to another
Synapse
Neurotransmitters are released from presynaptic neuron
Bind to receptors on postsynaptic neuron
Open Na channels and depolarise
What is my date of birth?
26th September 1988
Compare and contrast between simple and facilitated diffusion
Both move substances from high to low concentration
Both passive
Facilitated requires a channel protein vs simple does not
Distinguish between action and absorbance spectra
Action shows rate of photosynthesis vs wavelength
Absorbance shows amount of absorbance vs wavelength
Describe what happens during exhalation
Diaphragm relaxes
Internal intercostals contract
Ribs move down and in
Volume in thorax decreases/ pressure increases
Air moves out
Outline the competitive exclusion principle
One will out compete the other
Outline the consequences of non-disjunction
Some gametes have two copies of a chromosome and some have no copies
Zygote would have trisomy (three copies) or monosomy (one copy) of a chromosome
Down syndrome
Outline the role of progesterone in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle
Maintains the lining of the uterus
Inhibits FSH/ LH
Outline the role of T cells in the adaptive immune response
Recognise antigens on pathogens/ APCs
Activate B cells
What universities did I go to?
UCL and Imperial
Outline one mechanism for how differential gene expression in the early embryo is controlled.
Chemical gradients
Changes in gene expression based on concentration
Explain the role of photolysis in photosynthesis.
Water is split
Using light energy
Provides electrons that are used in light-dependent reactions
Describe three mechanisms to decrease body temperature
Vasodilation at the skin
Sweating
Density dependent increase with population size
Eg. Disease, competition for resources
Explain how cytokinesis takes place in plants cells
Vesicles line up along the equation (cell plate)
Contain components of cell wall
Vesicles fuse and cell wall is formed on either side
Using examples, distinguish between continuous and discrete inheritance
Continuous is polygenic
Phenotypes occur along a spectrum
Usually genetic and environmental influences
Discrete is monogenic
Phenotypes are categorical
Outline what is unique about a reflex arc
Information is not sent to the brain
Spinal cord is the integration centre
What are the names of my two nieces and my nephew?
Penny, Wren and Max