CVD
What does CVD stand for?
Cardiovascular disease
Name one major type of CVD
CHD /Cerebrovascular disease / Stroke / Peripheral vascular disease
What is one modifiable risk factor of CVD and/or cancer?
Smoking, inactivity, diet, obesity
What is one protective factor from CVD and/or cancer?
Exercise, screening, balanced diet
What is the definition of cancer?
Uncontrolled cell growth
Why is prevalence of CVD increasing even though mortality is decreasing?
People are surviving but living with chronic disease
Which group has the highest CVD deaths?
Males
Name one lifestyle risk factor of CVD
Smoking / Physical inactivity / Poor diet / High BMI
Name a government prevention strategy for either CVD or Cancer?
Tax on cigarettes / SunSmart / Screening programs
Which screening tool protects against cervical cancer?
Pap smear (or HPV test)
Which population group is diagnosed younger and more likely to die from CVD?
Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander peoples
Why are remote populations worse off when it comes to CVD?
Limited access to healthcare + more risk factors
Choose a group (ATSI, rural, low SES) and list 2 barriers to health
Cost, access, education, geography
How does early screening reduce mortality?
Finds cancer early → easier to treat
Why do very remote areas have lower survival rates of both CVD and cancer?
Delayed diagnosis + limited specialist treatment
Describe two determinants that contribute to high CVD rates in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and how they increase risk.
socioeconomic disadvantage → ↑ smoking/poor diet; remoteness → ↓ health service access
Why is focusing on modifiable risk factors more impactful than treating disease?
Prevents onset → reduces mortality + health-care burden, improves quality of life
In one sentence: How can public health campaigns reduce chronic disease inequalities?
Targeted behaviour change in high-risk communities
Why is it important to prioritise prevention of chronic disease in younger age groups?
Behaviours form young → prevents lifelong risk factors → reduces future burden & healthcare costs
Explain how environmental changes can influence chronic disease prevention. Provide an example.
Access to healthy food/active spaces shapes behaviour → e.g. bike lanes increase physical activity & reduce CVD/diabetes risk
Explain why reduced smoking rates have led to falling mortality but not necessarily falling prevalence.
Surviving patients continue to live with chronic complications = long-term morbidity
Explain how delayed screening participation leads to inequitable outcomes in remote/ATSI communities.
Later stage diagnosis → fewer treatment options → lower survival
Describe how data collection (like AIHW cancer registries) reduces the burden of disease overtime.
Identifies trends/inequities → informs targeted prevention & funding
Describe a way each party below could reduce a major health risk: Individual, Community, Government (smoking, diet, inactivity).
Example: Individual (quit programs), Community (local exercise spaces), Government (tobacco tax/laws)
Why is a “one-size-fits-all” approach ineffective in chronic disease prevention?
Different groups have different barriers & risk profiles → tailored programs improve equity & effectiveness