Upper Resp. Tract, Larynx, & Hyoid
What is the nasal conchae in the respiratory system? And describe their function.
What are cartilaginous or slightly ossified scrolls covered with nasal/olfactory mucosa that serve several important functions?:
• Warming and moistening incoming air
• Trapping foreign material
• Guiding air passage
• Olfaction/smell
What are the 3 major functions of the respiratory tract epithelium?
What is/are ...
1. physical barrier
2. innate immune defense
3. mucociliary clearance
What is the structure made of connective tissue that joins the tracheal cartilages/rings together?
What is annular ligament?
How many lobes do the right a left lung of the dog have?
What is:
Right = 4 (Middle, Cranial, Caudal, and Accessory Lobes)
Left = 2 (Cranial and Caudal Lobes)
What is surfactant and what cells produce it?
What is a mixture of lipids and proteins that reduce surface tension and produced by Type II alveolar epithelial cells (pneumocytes)?
What bone is very large & transverses the guttural pouch in horses?
What is the stylohyoid bone?
How does countercurrent heat exchange in the nasal passages contribute to brain cooling?
What is the Countercurrent Heat Exchange Mechanism & carotid rete?
What two species have the tracheal bronchus?
What are Ruminants and Pigs
During inspiration, which direction do the thoracic muscles pull or push the ribs?
What is cranial and outward, expanding the thoracic cage
What is the pressure in the lungs responsible for holding the lungs open?
What is transpulmonary pressure?
How are the paranasal sinuses connected to the nasal cavity in the horse?
What are
Rostral & caudal maxillary sinus - directly connected to nasal cavity
Conchal frontal sinus - connected to the caudal maxillary sinus
Sphenopalatine sinus - connected to the caudal maxillary sinus ?
How does the mucocilliary apparatus clear particles from the airways?
What is the Mucociliary Clearance Mechanism?
What artery supplies oxygenated blood to the trachea?
What is the Bronchoesophageal artery
What is the location of the cardiac notch?
What is the 4th and 5th intercostal space
What is a pneumothorax and what would the transpulmonary pressure be in the presence of a pneumothorax?
What is the presence of air or gas in the cavity between the lungs and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse, creating a transpulmonary pressure of zero?
What nerves provide innervation to the larynx?
What are the cranial laryngeal & recurrent laryngeal nerves?
What are some of the differences between sneezing & coughing?
What are primary location, airway route, function, reflex trigger, type of expulsion, & sound characteristic?
Name all the parts of the bronchial tree in the order that air enters the lungs
What are:
Trachea -> Tracheal Carina -> Principal (Primary) Bronchi -> Lobar (Secondary) Bronchi -> Segmental (tertiary) Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Respiratory Bronchioles -> Alveolar Ducts/Sacs
Name the landmarks for the cranial, dorsal and caudal border of the lung field
What are...
Cranial: Caudal border of the triceps brachi (Tricipital Line)
Dorsal: Between the 5th rib and 11th intercostal space (Iliocostalis muscle)
Caudal: 6th CCJ, Middle 8th rib, and the top 11th ICS
What are the three factors that gas exchange depends on?
What are Perfusion, Ventilation, and Diffusion?
Which muscle is the only one that abducts the arytenoid cartilages & opens the glottic cleft?
What is the Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis muscle?
How does chronic upper airway obstruction in BOAS lead to secondary complications like laryngeal collapse?
What is Progressive Airway Resistance and Pressure Changes, Tissue Damage and Hyperplasia, Laryngeal Collapse Development, Progressive Cycle, & Bronchial abnormalities?
What are the four structures located within the carotid sheath?
What are:
Vagosympathetic trunk
Common Carotid Artery
Internal Jugular Vein
Tracheal Duct/Trunk
Name the muscles of inspiration and expiration.
What are:
Inspiration: Scalenus, Serratus dorsalis cranialis, external intercostal
Expiration: Serratus dorsalis caudalis and internal intercostal
Explain the relationship of atmospheric pressure and alveolar pressure during inspiration, expiration, and between inspiration and expiration.
What is:
Inspiration: Patm>Palv
Expiration: Patm<Palv
Between: Patm=Palv