Cell Structure
This cell structure contains the nucleus and organelles of the neuron.
Soma (Cell body)
This structure is found in the CNS as a myelin sheath for multiple axons.
Oligodendrocytes
The voltage state of the plasma membrane at -75mV.
Resting membrane potential
Neurotransmitters diffuse to receptors across this space.
Synaptic cleft
This acts on skeletal muscles through nicotinic receptors and cardiac/smooth muscles through muscarinic receptors at the neuromuscular junctions.
Achetylecholine (Ach)
These structures receive information and can be remodeled through learning and experience (increasing length and #) or pruned if not used.
Dendrites
This star-shaped structure functions to 1) provide structural framework/repair of cellular tissues, 2) Connect to blood capillaries, 3) Phagocytose unused neurotransmitters/degenerating synaptic terminals and sequester excess Na/K, and 4) regulate the immune system through cell signaling.
Astrocytes
This changes the plasma membrane using messenger molecules.
Chemical Signaling
Describe the axoaxonic, axosomatic, and axodendritic synaptic connections.
Axon to axon
Axon to cell body(soma)
Axon to dendrite
This is a common excitatory neurotransmitter that acts on NMDA receptors and, when in excess, can be cytotoxic.
Glutamate
An action potential will travel down this structure to another cell, and can also send vesicles through anterograde or retrograde transportation.
Axons
This structure is derived from neural crest cells, and myelinates a single axon in the PNS.
Schwann cells
This follows the all-or-none principle of once it passes the threshold (-55mV), voltage-gated channels open with an influx of Na which further depolarizes the cell.
Action potential
This ion is sent into the presynaptic terminal via a voltage gated channel that directs vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release its contents into the synaptic cleft.
Calcium (Ca++)
An example of this neurotransmitter is Substance P which is found in both the CNS and PNS sending signals for pain after injury to a tissue.
Peptide
Other names for this structure can be presynaptic terminal or neural endplate or synaptic knob or synaptic bouton.
Axon terminal
These small cells defend against infection (immunoalert), phagocytose damage tissue, and may participate in inflammatory or degenerative reactions within the nervous system.
Microglial cells
What is the Period called that prevents Na+ gated channels from reopening too soon?
Absolute Refractory Period
These act on the metabotropic receptors (G-protein) to excite or inhibit the neuron for a longer period of time and will activate enzymes or genes for neural cellular metabolism.
Neuromodulators
This neuromodulator affects motor activity, initiation, motivation, and cognition.
Dopamine
These structures function within the neuron to 1) operate ionic pumps, 2) manufacture/assemble/recycle membrane components, 3) manufacture neurotransmitters/ neuromodulators, and 4) Transport chemical substances.
Organelles
This structure begins development at 4 months in utero and completes by ~3 yrs of age, the development occurs in motor nerves first then sensory nerves, and aids the conduction of axonal signals.
Myelin
These 3 components of the nervous system combat the axoplasmic resistance, the membrane resistance, and the membrane capacitance of the neural cell.
Diameter of axon - Axoplasmic resistance
Myelin - decrease Membrane capacitance and increase membrane resistance
Nodes of Ranvier - help with membrane resistance
These structures are synthesized, reside in synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic membrane. These structures will either connect to postsynaptic receptors, or if not connected to a receptor will be removed by glial cells or re-uptaken into the presynaptic terminal.
Neurotransmitters
This neurotransmitter acts in both directions (pre and post synaptically), it doesn't reside in vesicles, and alters vascular responses.
Nitric Oxide