Imaging
This is the definition of resolution.
Polymerization of MTs requires this
What is GTP?
These reinforce cell shape and fix organelle location.
What are intermediate filaments?
Myosin uses this energy source to move.
ATP/ATP hydrolysis
Microtubule tread-milling.
What is microtubule tread-milling?
What is numerical aperture of the objective and the wavelength of light?
Nucleation of MTs occurs here.
What is y-TuRC or centrosomes?
These are differences between intermediate filaments and actin (name 3).
IFs: reinforce cell shape, fix organelle location, specialized for bearing tension (stretchable), lattice-like, no energy required for assembly, not polarized.
Actin: regulates cell shape, drive motility and muscle contractions, polarized, require energy (ATP), bundles or networks.
__ is the "conventional myosin".
Myosin II
Dynein and Kinesin.
What is Dynein and Kinesin?
This imaging modality utilizes a repeated imaging of sparse fluorescent signal to map and form the final 'image.'
What is localization microscopy?
This set of proteins regulates MT dynamics. List 1 and explain its function.
What are MAPs?
example: stathmin, TIPs, EB1, Katanin, Tau
Name and describe two of the four mechanisms for actin nucleation.
Spontaneous nucleation: random addition of actin monomers
Formins: protein composed of FH1 and FH2 domains that stimulate actin assembly linearly
ARP2/3 Complex: complex of proteins that promote branching of actin
Spire: protein that binds 4 subunits at a time in a linear fashion
This part of myosin is phosphorylated to control myosin activity.
Regulatory light chain
Cell rounding and division.
What is cell rounding and division?
This imaging modality utilizes a 3D structured light pattern to extract higher resolution information from the sample.
What is structured illumination microscopy?
Name the two classes of dyneins and their functions.
What are cytoplasmic and axonemal?
cytoplasmic- Carries cargo in the cytoplasm, involved in mitosis
axonemal- Localized exclusively in cilia and flagella
Name the four areas of a cell where actin is found and the polarization of actin in those areas.
Stress Fiber: contractile bundle
Cell Cortex: gel-like network
Lamellipodium: dendritic network
Filopodium: tight parallel bundles
Name the 3 main components of the sarcomere.
Thin filament, thick filament/M line, and Z line.
Lac operon in both on and off positions.
What is the Lac operon in both on and off positions?
This imaging modality uses a second donut-shaped laser beam to reduce the size of emission from the sample.
What is stimulated emission depletion?
In Vale et al 1985, name the molecule that prevented MT gliding. Explain how this worked.
What is AMP-PNP?
These are the regulatory proteins of actin and their roles (describe 3/5).
Thymosin: locks actin monomer so it can't associate with either end of the filament
Profilin: inhibits nucleation, but promotes assembly of subunits on plus end only
CapZ: prevents elongation by capping the barbed end of the actin filament
Cofilin: destabilizes filaments and accelerates actin depolymerization
Gelsolin: severs and caps actin filaments
These two kinases activate myosin (just have to name one).
MLCK (myosin light chain kinase) and ROCK (Rho associated kinase).
Nucleation and extension of a branched actin network.
What is nucleation and extension of a branched actin network?