Living Organisms
What are the 7 processes of living things
movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, nutrition
Passive movement through diffusion requires no metabolic energy from respiration because the movement is driven entirely by this form of energy inherent in random particle motio
What is kinetic energy?
What are enzymes made of?
Name the layers of a leaf.
Cuticle, epidermis, palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll
What does bile do?
Emulsifies fat and neutralizes the stomach acid
The Cambridge syllabus defines this characteristic of living organisms as the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient molecules and release energy for metabolism
What is respiration?
In practical experiments investigating osmosis, this artificial, partially permeable membrane tubing is filled with sucrose solution and immersed in water to model cell membrane behavior
What is dialysis tubing (or Visking tubing)?
Heating an enzyme far beyond its optimum temperature breaks bonds in the protein structure, altering the active site shape so the substrate no longer fits—a process described by this exact term
This group of vascular plants produces no seeds or flowers, reproducing instead via single-celled spores released from sporangia on the undersides of their fronds
What are ferns
Name four organs that are part of the human digestive system.
pancreas, liver, salivary gland, stomach, intestine, gall bladder
In the binomial system of naming species, an organism's internationally agreed two-part scientific name is composed of these two hierarchical classification ranks
What are Genus and Species?
osmosis is defined as the net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential (dilute solution) to a region of lower water potential (concentrated solution) through this specific barrier
What is a partially permeable membrane?
An enzyme is classified as one of these: A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction and is not changed by the reaction
A catalyst
Positioned near the upper surface of a dicotyledonous leaf, these column-shaped cells contain a high concentration of chloroplasts to absorb light efficiently for photosynthesis
What are palisade mesophyll cells
Name the three layers of the human tooth
Enamel, dentine, pulp
In modern classification systems, organisms that share a more recent common ancestor possess higher similarity in the sequences of these molecular units
What are bases in DNA (or DNA base sequences)?
Placing a plant cell into a concentrated salt or sugar solution causes water to leave by osmosis, shrinking the cytoplasm away from the cell wall in this process
What is plasmolysis (or a plasmolysed cell)?
The region on an enzyme with a specific, 3D shape that is complementary to its substrate
What is the active site?
When a plant cell absorbs water by osmosis in a dilute solution, internal water pressure presses outwards against the rigid cellulose wall, placing the cell into this firm state that supports non-woody tissues
What is turgor pressure?
What should you eat to prevent scurvy?
Lacking a true membrane-bound nucleus, a bacterial cell carries its genetic material floating in the cytoplasm as a circular loop of DNA alongside these small, extra rings of DNA
What are plasmids?
Unlike plant cells which become turgid, red blood cells placed in pure water will burst (lyse) because they lack this rigid structural layer to resist internal water pressure
What is a cell wall?
At low temperatures, enzyme-controlled reactions proceed very slowly not because the enzyme is damaged, but because the molecules lack this type of energy, resulting in fewer collisions per second.
What is kinetic energy?
Plants absorb this mineral ion from the soil specifically to make the green pigment chlorophyll; a deficiency results in yellowing leaves
What are magnesium ions?
What is the purpose of roughage in the human diet. Name something that would increase your fiber uptake
aid digestion, provide bulk. whole grain bread, seeds, lentil and beans, vegetables