Neuro 1
Cushing's Triad
-widening pulse pressure
-bradycardia (vagus nerve is stimulated)
-altered respiratory pattern
Causes of death with Parkinson's disease
respiratory issues, asp pnm, pnm, urologic sepsis
The five cardinal signs of inflammation
redness, heat, pain, swelling, loss of function
Virchow's Triad
Swelling of foot/ankle/calf, tenderness, pain
Hallmark symptoms of peritonitis
rigid board-like abdomen, rebound tenderness
Hallmark of hematoma
LOC, then regain, then LOC
Causes of ischemic embolic versus thrombotic stroke
Thrombotic: atherosclerotic plaque in cerebral artery- plaque raptures and clot forms
PKU type of disorder and general defintion
autosomal recessive, metabolic disorder- elevated of phenylalanine toxic to brain (biggest sign is intellectual impairment)
Acute arterial occlusion clinical manifestations
6Ps from decreased perfusion
pallor, pain, pulselessness, paresthesia, paralysis, polar
Electrolyte/acid baseimbalances that have increased NM excitability
hypernatremia, hyperkalemia (mild not severe), hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypomagnesemia, alkalemia
Difference between spinal shock and neurogenic shock
spinal shock: neural response, sensory, motor
NGS: hemodynamic
Worst cerebral artery to be affected by a stroke
MCA
Cancer grading versus staging
Grading: microscopic determination of differentiation
Staging: clinical, radiographic, surgical examination of extent and spread (treatment and prognosis)
Difference between nephrotic and nephritic syndrome (cause and symptoms)
Nephrotic: cause- damage to podocytes leads to increased glom perm, symptoms- generalized edema, proteinuria, dyspnea from pulm edema, hyperlipidemia, albuminemia
Nephritic: cause- infection of glom capillary (inflammatory response), symptoms- hematuria, reduced GFR, hypotension, oliguria, edema
DKA general definition and acid base manifestation
Byproducts of fat breakdown (ketones) build up in the blood and urine, causes metabolic acidosis
Most common cause of secondary TBI complication
brain tissue ischemia
Autoreactive T and B cells action in MS
Cross BBB and recognize myelin and oligodendrocytes as antigens (olig. produce myelin)
Function of proto-oncogenes, oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes (mutated in cancer)
proto-onco: code for normal cell devision proteins
oncogenes: mutated from proto, increases cell devision
tumor suppressor genes: inhibits mutant cell proliferation
von Willebrand's disease cause and general definition
An autosomal dominant coagulation disorder
-type 1 deficiency of VWF coagulation protein, causes defective platelet function
Cor Pulmonale steps
hypoxemia- vasoconstriction from hypoxia (from COPD, CF)- pulmonary HTN- increased RV afterload- RV hypertrophy- RV failure
C4 phrenic nerve innervation
diaphragm- breathing
Which causative chromosome (mutated) of Alzheimer's produces amyloid precursor protein
Chromosome 21
Only lymphocyte to participate in innate immune repsonse
Natural killer cell
Difference between HFrEF and HFpEF
HFrEF: problem with contractility (systolic) due to stretch and dilation of the ventricle, can only eject 10% of blood
HFpEF: problem with filling (diastolic) aka decreased preload due to hypertrophy of ventricular muscle and decreased ventricular lumen size
Hallmark symptoms of congenital hypothyroidism
prolonged jaundice, respiratory issues, large tongue, sluggish, developmental delays