Chordate traits
This flexible rod made of mesoderm, found under the nerve cord, is a defining synapomorphy of Chordata.
Notochord
These are the only type of blood vessels where the actual exchange of gases and nutrients occurs.
Capalaries
This is the total number of oxygen molecules a single hemoglobin molecule can bind.
4 or four
Often called the "ultimate electron acceptor," this molecule is why we need to breathe.
oxygen
This organ acts as a filter to remove old or diseased red blood cells from the body.
spleen
These structures, found in all chordate embryos, are believed to have evolved into the jaws of modern fish.
Gill arches (or Pharyngeal gill slits)
Mammals use this muscle to create negative pressure in the thoracic cavity to inhale.
Diaphram
this term describes how oxygen binding to one subunit increases the affinity of the remaining subunits.
Coop binding
this metabolic waste product of the Krebs cycle is what we exhale.
c02
This is the specific amino acid that is replaced by Valine in the sickle cell mutation.
Glutamic acid to replaced by valine
Bonus points its a point mutation
This group of mammals is defined by laying eggs instead of having a placenta.
Monotremes
This specific heart chamber has the thickest muscular wall because it must pump blood to the entire body.
Left ventricle
This shift describes a decrease in hemoglobin's O₂ affinity due to lower pH and higher CO₂.
Bohr shift
While the Krebs cycle, ETC happen in the mitochondria, this first step of respiration occurs in the cytosol.
Glycolysis
This is the infectious disease that provides a "heterozygote advantage" to those with the sickle cell trait.
Malaria
These are the four extraembryonic membranes that allowed tetrapods to reproduce on land.
Amnion, Chorion, Yolk sac, and Allantois (Extraembryonic membranes of the amniotic egg)
Unlike most others of their kind, these specific arteries carry deoxygenated blood away from the heart.
Pulmonary arteries
This enzyme converts CO₂ into bicarbonate and H⁺, helping to maximize gas diffusion.
Carbonc anhydrase
This "cash" molecule is the primary energy currency produced at the end of the electron transport chain.
ATP
This is the standard lifespan (in days) of a typical human red blood cell
120 days
This mammalian trait refers to the ability to maintain a constant internal body temperature regardless of the environment.
Homeothermy or endothermic hometherms
Fick’s Law states that as this ratio decreases in growing fish, they must develop gills to meet oxygen demands.
Surface area to volume
This type of hemoglobin, found in fetuses, has a higher affinity for oxygen than the adult version.
Fetal hemoglobin
These two energy carriers act as "coupons" to be cashed in for ATP during the electron transport chain.
NADH FADH2
This scientist published the first proof that a human disease was caused by an abnormal protein in 1949.
Linus Pauling