Behavioral Theories
What do behavioral theories focus on?
Learning, reinforcement, punishment, environment, and observable behavior.
Master clue: Think: behavior is learned.
Who developed social-cognitive theory?
Albert Bandura.
Master clue: Think: Bandura = learning by observing.
Which two theorists are central to humanistic theory?
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
Master clue: Think: growth and human potential.
What is genotype?
A person’s genetic makeup.
Master clue: Think: genes.
Who developed the 16-factor personality model?
Raymond Cattell.
Master clue: Think: Cattell = 16PF.
What is reinforcement?
A consequence that increases behavior.
Master clue: Think: reinforcement makes behavior increase.
What is observational learning?
Learning by watching others.
Master clue: Think: watch → learn.
Who developed person-centered theory?
Carl Rogers.
Master clue: Think: Rogers = person-centered.
What is phenotype?
The observable expression of genes combined with environment.
Master clue: Think: genes + environment = what you see.
What is factor analysis?
A statistical method used to identify groups of related traits.
Master clue: Think: find groups of related traits.
Who developed radical behaviorism and operant conditioning?
B. F. Skinner.
Master clue: Think: Skinner = operant conditioning.
What is self-efficacy?
Believing in one’s abilities.
Master clue: Think: “I can do this.”
What is unconditional positive regard?
Acceptance, love, and respect given without conditions.
Master clue: Think: accept someone without conditions.
Who studied inhibited and uninhibited temperament?
Jerome Kagan.
Master clue: Think: Kagan = temperament.
What is a surface trait?
An observable cluster of related behaviors.
Master clue: Think: what you can observe.
What is positive reinforcement?
Adding something desirable to increase behavior.
Master clue: Think: add something good → behavior increases.
What is reciprocal determinism?
Person, behavior, and environment mutually influence each other.
Master clue: Think: person ↔ behavior ↔ environment.
What is self-actualization?
Becoming the fullest version of oneself.
Master clue: Think: reaching your potential.
Who developed the PEN model?
Hans Eysenck.
Master clue: Think: Eysenck = PEN
What is a source trait?
An underlying trait that causes surface behaviors.
Master clue: Think: underlying trait.
What is shaping?
Reinforcing gradual steps toward a desired behavior.
Master clue: Think: small steps toward the goal.
What did Bandura’s Bobo doll study show?
Children can learn aggressive behavior by observing adults.
Master clue: Think: children imitate what they see.
What are the three necessary therapist conditions in Rogers’s therapy?
Unconditional positive regard, congruence, and empathic understanding.
Master clue: Think: acceptance + genuineness + empathy.
What does PEN stand for?
Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism.
Master clue: Think: P-E-N.
What are Cattell’s three sources of data?
Q-data, T-data, and L-data.