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Biomolecules

100

• Triglycerides are formed by ------------------

 esterification

200

• Every glycosidic bond results in ---------------- being removed, thus glycosidic bonds are formed by condensation

one water molecule

300

This Benedicts test  is --------------- as the degree of the colour change can give an indication of how much (the concentration of) reducing sugar present

semi-quantitative

400

Galactose , glucose, fructose and maltose are ------------

Reducing sugars

500

• Pentoses are ---------------- and -----------------

ribose and deoxyribose

Transport MammalsI

100

In Transport of oxygen

• The dissociation of the last oxygen molecule is the -------------------

• hardest

200

Carbon dioxide can also bind to amino acids and therefore haemoglobin, forming  

carbaminohaemoglobin

300

• To prevent an electrical imbalance, ----------------- are transported into the red blood cells via the  transport protein
• If this did not occur, then red blood cells would become positively charged as a result of a buildup of hydrogen ions (formed from the dissociation of carbonic acid)

negatively-charged chloride ions

400

The oxygen dissociation curve describes the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the ------------------- 

percentage saturation of haemoglobin

500

• Changes in the oxygen dissociation curve as a result of carbon dioxide levels are known as the ----------------------

Bohr shift or Bohr effect

Immunity

100

• Chemicals released by pathogens, as well as chemicals released by the body cells under attack (eg. histamine), attract --------------- to the site where the pathogens are located (this response to chemical stimuli is known as chemotaxis)

•  neutrophils 

200

----------------- cut the pathogens up so that they can display the antigens of the pathogens on their surface (through a structure called the major histocompatibility complex)

Macrophage

300

• ---------------- do not stimulate an immune response

• Self antigens 

400

• When an antigen enters the body for the first time, the small numbers of B-lymphocytes with receptors complementary to that antigen are stimulated to divide by mitosis
• This is known as ----------------------

 clonal selection

500

The --------------- (where the disulfide bonds join the heavy chains) gives flexibility to the antibody molecule which allows the antigen-binding site to be placed at different angles when binding to antigens

 ‘hinge’ region

High order

100

Glyceraldehyde is -------------------

Triose

200

 

• If there are mainly ------------- tails then the membrane will be less fluid
• If there are mainly ------------acid tails then the membrane will be more fluid

saturated fatty acid

saturated fatty acid

300

• Due to the inversion of the ----------------- molecules many hydrogen bonds form between the long chains giving ------------------ it’s strength

•  β-glucose cellulose it’s strength

400

In 1 dm3 of blood, there is 150 g of haemoglobin.

1 g of haemoglobin can carry 1.3 cm3 of oxygen.

Therefore 150 g of haemoglobin can carry--------------of oxygen.

195 cm3 is the final answer.

500

• Antibodies can attach to bacteria making them readily identifiable to phagocytes, this is called -------------------. Once identified, the phagocyte has receptor proteins for the heavy polypeptide chains of the antibodies, which enables phagocytosis to occur

opsonization