Development Basics
This is the term for the fertilized egg capable of becoming any cell type including placenta.
What is a a totipotent cell (zygote)?
Which structure of the blastocyst/blastula gives rise to the embryo?
What is the inner cell mass?
The type of healing restores full function and structure of the tissue that is healed.
What is regeneration?
CRISPR evolved in bacteria CRISPR to defend against this.
What are bacteriophages/viruses
Cell differentiation (specialization) depends on these molecules that can turn genes on and off.
What are regulatory proteins?
Name TWO of the four core processes required for development from one cell to many.
What are cell proliferation, specialization, interactions, or movement?
During early embryogenesis, cells divide rapidly but total cytoplasm stays the same. During this process, cells get smaller each round. This process is called _______.
What is cleavage?
This type of healing results in a scar formation that prevents full recovery of tissue structure and potential function.
What is repair?
In the bacterial CRISPR system, this component stores viral “memory.”
What is spacer DNA?
As cell specialization increases, what happens to cell potency?
What is it decreases?
This process is what the analogy of "rolling a ball down a hill" describes.
What is differentiation?
This process establishes the three germ layers.
What is gastrulation?
In axolotls, this mass of proliferating stem-like cells forms at the wound site and drives limb regrowth.
What is blastema?
In the bacterial CRISPR system, this component acts as molecular scissors to cut invading viral DNA.
What is Cas9 protein?
In the hill analogy, pushing a cell “back uphill” represents what process?
What is reprogramming/dedifferentiation?
Cells divide normally but never specialize. What fails?
What is gene regulation or cell signaling?
A mutation disrupts gastrulation. Predict the MOST direct consequence.
What is incorrect tissue identity?
In humans, injury to this system leads to permanent loss because neurons within it cannot regenerate.
What is the central nervous system?
If the CRISPR system fails in bacteria, what happens to the bacteria?
What is viral takeover and cell death?
When a cell is “locked in” to a fate, this has occurred
What is cell commitment?
A drug blocks cell movement during development. What major process is most affected?
What is tissue organization/morphogenesis/organogenesis?
The germ layer that gives rise to the nervous system AND skin.
What is ectoderm?
Why might evolution favor scarring over regeneration?
What is faster protection/lower infection risk?
The bacterial CRISPR system is most similar to which feature of human immunity?
What is adaptive immune system?
A drug prevents cells from responding to developmental cues. What is the most direct consequence?
What is failure of specialization/differentiation?