Day 2 - Medicines
Give one definition of a medicine
a chemical substance that is given in some kind of illness or disease
It is taken only if the person is infected or ill.
Name a type of medicine
Tablet, capsules, liquid, topical medicines, suppositories, drops, inhalers and injections
Give one definition of a vaccine
a chemical substance that is injected into the body of the person to prevent some kind of virus
It is taken before the encounter with the harmful bacteria or virus.
What are glycogen and glucose?
This is glycogen (a storage polymer), which is a type of carb (we find in food). It is made of glucose. When in our body it breaks down so the glucose (sugar) molecules can be distributed in our bloodstream but is stored as glycogen in the liver.
What is diabetes?
a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces
Name the 4 steps of pharmacokinetics
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion
What is the goal of metabolism
To make the drugs more water-soluble and polar
So they can be excreted through the kidneys
How do vaccines work?
contain weakened or inactive parts of an antigen that trigger an immune response within the body so it will prompt their immune system to respond as if its first reaction to the actual pathogen
What organ is insulin and glucagon made?
What is Pancreas?
How is diabetes remedied?
Insulin injection
Name the 3 specific barriers
Blood-brain barrier
Blood-placental barrier
Blood-testicular barrier
What is the difference between lipid-soluble and polar drugs in reabsorption?
Lipid soluble can go through the membrane and can be reabsorbed into the blood. Polar cannot go through the barrier and cannot be reabsorbed.
Name 3 types of vaccine
Inactivated vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, toxoid vaccines and viral vector vaccines.
What do insulin and glucagon do?
Insulin is the hormone that is released to make our cells take in glucose and the liver to convert glucose into glycogen to lower blood sugar.
Glucagon instructs the liver to convert glycogen to glucose and release it into the bloodstream, raising blood sugar levels.
What is type 2 diabetes.
The pancreas produces little insulin but the cells respond poorly to it, which is called insulin resistance. Usually is preventable.
Describe the body fluid compartments
TBW contains Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid. Extracellular fluid contains plasma and interstitial fluid.
What is drug interaction in secretion
patient takes two drugs that bind to the same carrier. Carrier has a stronger affinity for one of the drugs. Other drug is less likely to be excreted
What do antibodies do in our bodies?
antibodies are the soldiers in your body’s defense system
Each antibody in is trained to recognize one specific antigen
antibodies work with the rest of the immune system to destroy the pathogen
Where are insulin and glucagon produced specifically?
The islets of langerhans are where insulin and glucagon are produced. Alpha cells release glucagon and beta cells release insulin.
How does the artifical pancreas work?
The CGM has a sensor that detect the glucose levels and sends a signal to the pump. The pump calculates the amount of insulin needed and delivers it.
Name the 3 method of absorption and explain
Passive Diffusion
Moves from [high] to [low]
Lipophilic, uncharged, small
Facilitated Diffusion
Moves from [high] to [low] with transport proteins
Large, polar, hydrophilic
Active Transport
Uses energy (ATP) to move molecules against [ ] gradient
From [low] to [high]
What are the steps of biliary excretion
Liver transfers substances from plasma to bile
Hydrophilic drug substances are concentrated in bile and transferred to intestine
This conjugate undergoes hydrolysis to release the active drug (active drug = reabsorbed)
5% of bile salts are lost in feces
Why are antibody-producing memory cells needed?
If the body is exposed to the same pathogen more than once, the antibody response is much faster and more effective than the first time because the memory cells are at the ready to pump out antibodies against that antigen.
Explain the negative feedback loop that uses that maintains blood sugar levels.
When blood sugar rises in the blood, insulin sends a signal to the liver, to store the excess glucose. If the blood glucose level is too low, the pancreas releases the hormone glucagon. This travels to the liver in the blood and causes the break-down of glycogen into glucose. The glucose enters the blood stream and glucose levels increase back to normal.
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes in terms of insulin.
Type 1 needs insulin injections for life
Type 2 needs insulin as needed (injected or oral)