Historical Context
Where is Darfur located and who populates it?
Darfur is a region in western Sudan, and is popualted by African ethnic groups & Arab ethnic groups.
To which legal institution the Darfur case was referred?
The International Criminal Court (ICC)
Which source of international law does sexual violence during armed conflicts violate?
International Customary Law
What is the capital of Sudan?
Khartoum
Which genocide was most compared to the Darfur crisis, especially in terms of international response?
Rwanda
Who did the Sudanese Civil Wars oppose?
The Northern Sudanese government VS The Southern Sudanese insurgents
Which P5 country or countries abstained in the first two 2004 UNSC resolutions on Darfur (1547 (2004) and 1556 (2004))?
China & Russia
The creation of South Sudan violates which legal principle adhered to by many post-colonial states?
Uti possidetis juris
What year did the Darfur conflict officially begin?
2003
Which case study closely resembles the Darfur situation in terms of human rights and international law violations, but received real military intervention?
Kosovo in 1999.
Why did the village militias choose to oppose the government in Darfur?
The village militias in Darfur opposed the government due to longstanding political and economic marginalization, competition over land and resources exacerbated by desertification, and the government's perceived favoritism toward Arab nomadic groups, which fueled grievances among African farming communities.
In the 2000s, the United States was reluctant to intervene in Darfur due to military engagements in two other countries. Which were they?
Iraq and Afghanistan
Which international convention prohibits the targeting of civilians during armed conflicts?
The Fourth Geneva Convention
Who was the Sudanese president indicted by the ICC for crimes related to the Darfur conflict?
Omar al-Bashir
Give 3 violations of international humanitarian law that were both committed in Rwanda & Darfur.
Targeting of Civilians
Genocide
Rape and Sexual Violence
Forced Displacement
Torture and Inhumane Treatment
What is the name of the militia accused of committing atrocities against civilians in Darfur?
The Janjaweed
What were the two major events in Africa during the 1990s that led to the United States' reluctance to intervene in Darfur? (Extra aura points if you get the dates right)
Somalia in 1993 & Rwanda in 1994
Does the Genocide Convention require intervention? If not, what does it require?
Signatories are requires to:
- Prevent Genocide
- Prosecute/Punish Perpetrators of Genocide
(- Extradition: Cooperate in extraditing alleged perpetrators of genocide to face prosecution)
Which country borders Darfur to the west, and shares a border with the region?
Chad
Through which tribunals did Rwanda prosecute those responsible for the genocide?
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
Who is the head of government responsible for funding the ethnic cleansing in Darfur?
Omar al-Bashir.
What is the name or acronym of the UN mission that operated in Sudan from 2007 to 2020?
UNAMID (United Nations-African Union Mission in Darfur)
What is R2P?
R2P is a global political commitment endorsed by the United Nations in 2005 to prevent mass atrocities such as genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity.
Which U.S. President was in office when the United States accused Sudan of committing genocide and at the time of the passing of UNSC resolutions 1547 and 1556?
George W. Bush
According to which of the two theories of statehood (declaratory or constitutive) did South Sudan legally become a country in 2011?
Both → Declared independence in accordance with CPA and 1994 DoP; was immediately recognized by US, UN, and de jure recognized by Sudan