Crusades
Who called Christian warriors to take back the Holy Land in 1095?
Pope Urban II.
What was the Hanseatic League?
A commercial alliance of North German/Baltic cities to protect and expand trade
What building style is linked with taller, brighter churches like Notre Dame?
Gothic
What does heresy mean?
Teachings/actions contrary to official Church doctrine
What succession dispute started the Hundred Years’ War in 1328?
Death of Charles IV without a male heir → rival claims (Edward III vs. Philip VI)
Name the city both sides fought over during the Crusades.
Jerusalem
What is credit in a medieval trade context?
Buying now, paying later via letters of credit/bills of exchange
What is a flying buttress?
An external arched support that carries roof/wall
What were the Inquisitions meant to do?
To investigate, try, and punish heresy
Who invaded France in 1337 after Philip VI was crowned?
Edward III of England
What was the result of the First Crusade in 1099?
Crusaders captured Jerusalem (1099) and established Crusader states
What was the main purpose of guilds in medieval towns?
Regulate training/quality/prices; protect members and consumers
Name two common features of medieval religious art.
religious themes; gold backgrounds; stained glass; illuminated manuscripts
Describe a medieval plague and how does it spread.
Bubonic plague (fleas on rats)
Who led French forces to victories in 1429 and what happened to her later?
Joan of Arc; later captured and executed (burned at the stake, 1431)
Which two leaders faced off in the Third Crusade (1189–1192)?
Richard I “the Lionheart” and Saladin
Define apprentice and journeyman.
Apprentice = beginner trained by a master; Journeyman = paid worker after apprenticeship seeking to produce a “masterpiece”
Who performed epics and romances while traveling from place to place, and name one famous medieval work.
Troubadours
Give two social or economic effects of the Black Death in Europe.
Labor shortages; rising wages/peasant mobility; decline of serfdom; social unrest
In what year did the French drive the English out, ending the Hundred Years’ War?
1453
Give two long-term effects of the Crusades on Europe and briefly explain them.
Increased trade with the East; stronger royal taxation/more royal power; weakened some nobles; transfer of knowledge (classical texts, medicine, navigation); tenser Christian–Jewish/Muslim relations
Explain one way increased trade led to the growth of towns and new institutions in the High Middle Ages.
More long-distance trade → growth of market towns, merchant/banking class, town charters, stronger guild systems
Who was Dante Alighieri, and what is his most famous work?
Dante Alighieri was an Italian poet of the early 1300s; his most famous work is The Divine Comedy, which describes a journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise.
Why is the Black Death considered a key turning point? Summarize one lasting impact on European life or ideas.
Turning point: weakened feudal order; economic shifts (higher wages, new opportunities); greater questioning of old authorities, scientific inquiry
In the War of the Roses, name the two rival houses and explain how Henry VII ended the conflict in 1485.
York (white rose) vs. Lancaster (red rose); Henry VII ended it and united claims by marrying Elizabeth of York