Airway Assessment
This is the first question when evaluating respiratory status: oxygenation problem, ventilation problem, or this.
What is airway failure?
This manual maneuver is commonly used to open the airway when spinal injury is not suspected.
What is head-tilt/chin-lift?
This therapy treats hypoxemia but does not necessarily correct inadequate ventilation.
What is oxygen?
This monitor measures exhaled carbon dioxide at the end of expiration.
What is ETCO₂ / capnography?
The goal of advanced airway management is not simply placing a tube; it is maintaining these two physiologic functions.
What are oxygenation and ventilation?
Retractions, nasal flaring, accessory-muscle use, and inability to speak normally are signs of increased this.
What is work of breathing?
This airway adjunct is appropriate for an unresponsive patient without a gag reflex.
What is an OPA?
This noninvasive therapy provides continuous positive airway pressure to a spontaneously breathing patient.
What is CPAP?
A normal-looking SpO₂ does not rule out failure of this physiologic process.
What is ventilation?
This rescue airway sits above the glottis and can provide rapid ventilation when BVM is difficult.
What is a supraglottic airway / SGA?
A patient who becomes quieter after prolonged respiratory distress may actually be developing this.
What is respiratory fatigue/failure?
When providing BVM ventilation, the best visible sign of appropriate tidal volume is this.
What is preload?
Positive intrathoracic pressure can decrease venous return and therefore decrease this cardiac filling variable.
What is preload?
A progressively rising ETCO₂ in a poorly ventilating patient most commonly suggests this.
What is hypoventilation?
This should occur between failed airway attempts before another attempt is considered.
What is reoxygenation?
A patient with adequate respiratory rate but persistent low SpO₂ despite support primarily has this type of failure.
What is oxygenation failure?
When one-person BVM ventilation is ineffective, this technique generally improves the mask seal and ventilation.
What is two-person BVM ventilation?
CPAP is inappropriate when the patient can no longer maintain adequate this.
What is spontaneous ventilation?
A “shark-fin” capnogram is classically associated with this type of airflow problem.
What is bronchospasm/airflow obstruction?
Pediatric patients have less oxygen reserve partly because they have higher metabolic demand and lower this lung-volume reserve.
What is functional residual capacity?
RR 6, shallow respirations, SpO₂ 98% on oxygen, ETCO₂ 61, and decreased LOC indicate failure of this.
What is ventilation failure?
Blood, vomit, or secretions in the airway should prompt early use of this equipment.
What is suction?
After CPAP begins, falling BP with worsening mental status should make you question whether this treatment is still doing this.
What is appropriate/effective?
A sudden complete loss of a previously normal ETCO₂ waveform after moving an intubated patient should first raise concern for this airway complication.
What is tube displacement/extubation?
In an infant, a relatively large occiput may cause unwanted neck flexion, which can be corrected with support placed here.
What is under the shoulders / a shoulder roll?
Distress progresses to fatigue when work of breathing remains high but this begins to decrease.
What is effective air movement/ventilation?
Excessive BVM pressure or volume can cause gastric inflation, barotrauma, and decreased this.
What is venous return/preload?
Crackles, severe dyspnea, hypertension, adequate spontaneous breathing, and hypoxemia describe a patient who may benefit from this intervention.
What is CPAP?
Low ETCO₂ in a hypotensive, cool, poorly perfused patient may reflect reduced delivery of CO₂ to the lungs because of decreased this.
What is pulmonary blood flow/perfusion?
In pediatric airway management, a short trachea increases the risk of accidental extubation or this complication if the tube advances too far.
What is mainstem intubation?
The three major respiratory failure categories emphasized on Day 1 were airway failure, ventilation failure, and this.
What is oxygenation failure?
If ventilation worsens after repositioning or movement, this should be reassessed before assuming the patient simply needs a more advanced airway.
What is position, seal, and BVM technique?
CPAP may improve pulmonary edema while simultaneously reducing preload because of increased this pressure.
What is intrathoracic pressure?
When interpreting capnography, students were taught to evaluate this before relying on the ETCO₂ number alone.
What is the waveform?
A failed intubation attempt with falling SpO₂ should trigger reoxygenation, repositioning, suction, optimized BVM, and consideration of this rescue device.
What is an SGA?
A child was tachypneic with retractions, then becomes lethargic with RR falling from 42 to 18 and minimal air movement. The falling respiratory rate represents this rather than improvement.
What is respiratory fatigue/failure?
A pulse is present but a pediatric patient is not breathing adequately. The ventilation rate emphasized in the lecture is approximately this.
What is 1 breath every 2–3 seconds, or 20–30/min?
A CPAP patient improves from RR 32 and SpO₂ 84% to RR 24 and SpO₂ 94%, while mental status and BP remain stable. This is the appropriate overall treatment decision.
What is continue CPAP and reassess?
During severe shock, ETCO₂ may be low even when ventilation is appropriate because ETCO₂ depends on ventilation, metabolism, and this third physiologic component.
What is perfusion?
Obesity, limited mouth opening, copious secretions, severe hypoxemia, and hypotension illustrate that a difficult airway may involve anatomy, ventilation, and this third type of difficulty.
What is physiologic difficulty?