Cardiovascular
What is the location of the heart?
The heart is located on the left side of the mediastinum.
What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
Provides oxygen for metabolism in the tissues and removes carbon dioxide, the waste product of metabolism.
What are the functions of the kidney?
Maintain acid-base balance, excrete end products of body metabolism, control fluid, and electrolyte balance, excrete bacterial toxins, water-soluble drugs, and drug metabolites, secrete renin to regulate the blood pressure and erythropoietin to stimulate the bone marrow to produce RBCs, synthesize vitamin D for calcium absorption and regulations of parathyroid hormones.
What are the characteristics of bone?
Support and protect structures of the body, and provide attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Contains tissue in the central cavities, which aids in the formation of blood cells and assists with regulating calcium and phosphate concentrations.
A client with a hip fracture asks the nurse why Buck's extension traction is being applied before surgery. The nurse's response is based on the understanding that Buck's extension traction has which primary function?
Buck's extension traction is a type of skin traction often applied after a hip fracture before the fracture is reduced in surgery. It reduces muscle spasms and helps immobilize the fracture.
What is the name of the sac that encases and protects the heart from trauma and infection?
Pericardial sac.
What are the parts of the upper respiratory tract?
Nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, glottis, and epiglottis
How is urine produced?
As fluid flows through the tubules, water, electrolytes, and solutes are reabsorbed and other solutes such as creatinine, hydrogen ions, and potassium are secreted. Water and solutes that are not reabsorbed become urine.
Stages of bone healing.
Stage 1 hematoma formation
Stage 2 hematoma to granulation tissue
Stage 3 callus formation
Stage 4 osteoblastic proliferation
Stage 5 bone remodeling
Stage 6 bone healing complete
A client sustained a closed fracture and has just had a cast applied to the affected arm. The client is complaining of intense pain. The nurse elevated the limb, applied an ice bag, and administered an analgesic, which was ineffective in relieving the pain. The nurse interprets that this pain may be caused by which condition?
The pain may be caused by impaired tissue perfusion, tissue breakdown, or necrosis.
How many chambers does the heart have and what are the names?
The heart consists of four chambers. 1) the Right atrium 2) the right ventricle 3) the left atrium and 4) the left ventricle.
The lower respiratory tract consists of?
Trachea, mainstem bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli, and lungs.
What are creatine and normal lab values?
Creatinine is the end product of protein and muscle metabolism. Kidney disease is the only pathological condition that increases the serum creatinine level. Normal values for men are 0.6 to 1.2 and for women 0.5 to 1.1 mg/dL
Risk factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders
Autoimmune, calcium deficiency, falls, hyperuricemia, infection, medications, metabolic disorder, neoplastic disorder, obesity, postmenopausal states and trauma/injury
A client is receiving digoxin daily. The nurse suspects digoxin toxicity after noting which signs and symptoms. Select all that apply.
1) Visual disturbance, 2) N/V, 3) apical pulse rate of 63 BMP, 4) serum digoxin level of 2.3 ng/mL, 5) serum potassium level of 3.9 mEq/L
Sxs if digoxin toxicity
1) visual disturbance, 2) N/V, 3) serum digoxin of 2.3
What are the two semilunar valves?
Pulmonic semilunar valve and the aortic semilunar valve.
What are the risk factors for respiratory disorders? Name at least 5.
Allergies, chest injuries, crowded living conditions, frequent respiratory illness, smoking, chewing tobacco, and viral syndromes.
Risk factors associated with renal problems
Chemical or environmental exposure, contact sports, DM, family history of renal disease, frequent urinary infections, heart failure, high sodium diet, hypertension, medications, polycystic kidney disease, trauma, and urolithiasis or nephrolithiasis.
Priority Nursing actions for fat embolism
administer oxygen, notify PN and PHCP, monitor vital signs and respiratory status, assist in monitoring prescribed IV fluids, and prepare to assist RN and PHCP w/intubation and mechanical ventilation if necessary. Follow up on results of diagnostic tests such as CXR or CT. Document the event, actions taken, and the client's response.
The nurse is reinforcing instructions to a hospitalized client with a diagnosis of emphysema about positions that will enhance the effectiveness of breathing during dyspneic episodes. Which position would the nurse instruct the client to assume?
Sitting on the side of the bed leaning on an over the bed side table.
What is the main pacemaker of the heart?
The sinoatrial node is the main pacemaker that initiates each heartbeat.
What are some nursing interventions during an acute asthma episode?
1) Position the client in a high Fowler's position or sitting to aid in breathing. 2) Administer oxygen as prescribed. 3) Stay with the client to decrease anxiety 4) Administer bronchodilators as prescribed. 5) Ausculate lung sounds before, during, and after treatments.
Teaching for prevention of cystitis?
1) use of good perineal care, wiping front to back
2) avoid bubble baths, tub baths, and vaginal deodorants or sprays. Void every 2-3 hours. 3) wear cotton pants and avoid wearing tight clothes or pantyhose with slacks. 4) avoid sitting in a wet bathing suit for prolonged periods. If pregnant, void every 2 hours. Void and drink a glass of water after intercourse.
Define compartment syndrome.
Occurs when pressure increases within one or more compartments, leading to decreased blood flow, tissue ischemia, and neurovascular impairment. Within 4 to 6 hours after the onset of compartment syndrome, neurovascular damage may be irreversible if not treated.
The nurse is reviewing the client's record and notes that the primary health care provider has documented that the client has a renal disorder. Which laboratory results would indicate a decrease in renal function? Select all that apply: 1) decreased Hgb level 2) elevated serum creatinine level 3) elevated thrombocyte cell count 4) decreased RBC count 5) elevated BUN level
1, 2, 4and 5