I
Former astronaut Ellen Ochoa says that although she doesn't have a definite idea of when it might happen, she ________ that humans will someday need to be able to live in other environments than those found on Earth. This conjecture informs her interest in future research missions to the moon.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. demands
B. speculates
C. doubts
D. establishes
B. speculates
Former astronaut Ellen Ochoa says that although she doesn't have a definite idea of when it might happen, she ________ that humans will someday need to be able to live in other environments than those found on Earth. This conjecture informs her interest in future research missions to the moon.
The following text is adapted from Edith Nesbit's 1906 novel The Railway Children.
Mother did not spend all her time in paying dull [visits] to dull ladies, and sitting dully at home waiting for dull ladies to pay [visits] to her. She was almost always there, ready to play with the children, and read to them, and help them to do their home-lessons. Besides this she used to write stories for them while they were at school, and read them aloud after tea, and she always made up funny pieces of poetry for their birthdays and for other great occasions.
According to the text, what is true about Mother?
A. She wishes that more ladies would visit her.
B. Birthdays are her favorite special occasion.
C. She creates stories and poems for her children.
D. Reading to her children is her favorite activity.
C. She creates stories and poems for her children.
In the 1980s, many musicians and journalists in the English-speaking world began to draw attention to music from around the globe—such as mbaqanga from South Africa and quan họ from Vietnam—that can't be easily categorized according to British or North American popular music genres, typically referring to such music as "world music." While some scholars have welcomed this development for bringing diverse musical forms to prominence in countries where they'd previously been overlooked, musicologist Su Zheng claims that the concept of world music homogenizes highly distinct traditions by reducing them all to a single category.
Which finding about mbaqanga and quan h?, if true, would most directly support Zheng's claim?
A. Mbaqanga is significantly more popular in the English-speaking world than quan h? is.
B. Mbaqanga and quan h? developed independently of each other and have little in common musically.
C. Mbaqanga and quan h? are now performed by a diverse array of musicians with no direct connections to South Africa or Vietnam.
D. Mbaqanga and quan họ are highly distinct from British and North American popular music genres but similar to each other.
B. Mbaqanga and quan h? developed independently of each other and have little in common musically.
Biologist Natacha Bodenhausen and colleagues analyzed the naturally occurring bacterial communities associated with leaves and roots of wild Arabidopsis thaliana, a small flowering plant. The researchers found many of the same bacterial genera in both the plants' leaves and roots. To explain this, the researchers pointed to the general proximity of A. thaliana leaves to the ground and noted that rain splashing off soil could bring soil-based bacteria into contact with the leaves. Alternatively, the researchers noted that wind, which may be a source of bacteria in the aboveground portion of plants, could also bring bacteria to the soil and roots. Either explanation suggests that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. A. thaliana leaves and roots are especially vulnerable to harmful bacteria.
B. bacteria carried by wind are typically less beneficial to A. thaliana than soil-based bacteria are.
C. many bacteria in A. thaliana leaves may have been deposited by means other than rain.
D. some bacteria in A. thaliana leaves and roots may share a common source.
D. some bacteria in A. thaliana leaves and roots may share a common source.
In her 2021 article "Throwaway History: Towards a Historiography of Ephemera," scholar Anne Garner discusses John Johnson (1882–1956), a devoted collector of items intended to be discarded, including bus tickets and campaign pamphlets. Johnson recognized that scholarly institutions considered his expansive collection of ephemera to be worthless—indeed, it wasn't until 1968, after Johnson's death, that Oxford University's Bodleian Library acquired the collection, having grasped the items' potential value to historians and other researchers. Hence, the example of Johnson serves to ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. represent the challenge of incorporating examples of ephemera into the collections of libraries and other scholarly institutions.
B. illustrate both the relatively low scholarly regard in which ephemera was once held and the later recognition of ephemera's possible utility.
C. lend support to arguments by historians and other researchers who continue to assert that ephemera holds no value for scholars.
D. demonstrate the difficulties faced by contemporary historians in conducting research at the Bodleian Library without access to ephemera.
B. illustrate both the relatively low scholarly regard in which ephemera was once held and the later recognition of ephemera's possible utility.
Beginning in the 1950s, Navajo Nation legislator Annie Dodge Wauneka continuously worked to promote public health; this ________ effort involved traveling throughout the vast Navajo homeland and writing a medical dictionary for speakers of Diné bizaad, the Navajo language.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. impartial
B. offhand
C. persistent
D. mandatory
C. persistent
Beginning in the 1950s, Navajo Nation legislator Annie Dodge Wauneka continuously worked to promote public health; this ________ effort involved traveling throughout the vast Navajo homeland and writing a medical dictionary for speakers of Diné bizaad, the Navajo language.
Hip-hop pedagogy is a form of teaching that's gaining popularity across school subjects. It involves incorporating hip-hop and rap music into lessons as well as using hip-hop elements when teaching other subject matters. For example, Quan Neloms's students look for college-level vocabulary and historical events in rap songs. Researchers claim that in addition to developing students' social justice awareness, hip-hop pedagogy encourages student success by raising students' interest and engagement. Which finding, if true, would most strongly support the underlined claim?
A. Courses that incorporate hip-hop and rap music are among the courses with the highest enrollment and attendance rates.
B. Educators report that they enjoy teaching courses that involve hip-hop and rap music more than teaching courses that don't.
C. Students tend to be more enthusiastic about rap music than they are about hip-hop music.
D. Students who are highly interested in social justice issues typically don't sign up for courses that incorporate hip-hop and rap music.www.cracksat.net
A. Courses that incorporate hip-hop and rap music are among the courses with the highest enrollment and attendance rates.
Sense and Sensibility is an 1811 novel by Jane Austen. In the novel, Austen describes Marianne Dashwood's ability to persuade others of the rightness of her artistic judgments, as is evident when Marianne visits with John Willoughby, a potential suitor: ______
Which quotation from Sense and Sensibility most effectively illustrates the claim?
A. Above all, when she heard him declare, that of music and dancing he was passionately fond, she gave him such a look of approbation as secured the largest share of his discourse to herself for the rest of his stay.
B. Their taste was strikingly alike. The same books, the same passages were idolized by each—or if any difference appeared, any objection arose, it lasted no longer than till the force of her arguments and the brightness of her eyes could be displayed.
C. It was only necessary to mention any favourite amusement to engage her to talk. She could not be silent when such points were introduced, and she had neither shyness nor reserve in their discussion.
D. They speedily discovered that their enjoyment of dancing and music was mutual, and that it arose from a general conformity of judgment in all that related to either. Encouraged by this to a further examination of his opinions, she proceeded to question him on the subject of books.
B. Their taste was strikingly alike. The same books, the same passages were idolized by each—or if any difference appeared, any objection arose, it lasted no longer than till the force of her arguments and the brightness of her eyes could be displayed.
Arthur Conan Doyle's stories about detective Sherlock Holmes were published between 1887 and 1927. They have inspired countless successful adaptations, including comic strips, movies, and a television series Sherlock Hound, directed by Hayao Miyazaki, who is celebrated for his animated movies. Until 2014, these stories were copyrighted. The right to adapt was only available to those who could afford the copyright fee and gain approval from the strict copyright holders of Doyle's estate. Some journalists predict that the number of Sherlock Holmes adaptations is likely to increase since the end of copyright means that ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. producing adaptations will become easier and less expensive.
B. people will become more interested in detective stories than they were in the 1800s.
C. the former copyright holders of Doyle's estate will return fees they collected.
D. Doyle's original stories will become hard to find.
A. producing adaptations will become easier and less expensive.
1. David was surprised to learn that frogs were primarily carnivorous, he had assumed that they mostly ate plants and vegetables.
A. [NO CHANGE]
B. carnivorous, he had assumed,
C. carnivorous (he had assumed
D. carnivorous; he had assumed
D. carnivorous; he had assumed
Following the principles of community-based participatory research, tribal nations and research institutions are equal partners in health studies conducted on reservations. A collaboration between the Crow Tribe and Montana State University ________ this model: tribal citizens worked alongside scientists to design the methodology and continue to assist in data collection.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. circumvents
B. eclipses
C. fabricates
D. exemplifies
D. exemplifies
Following the principles of community-based participatory research, tribal nations and research institutions are equal partners in health studies conducted on reservations. A collaboration between the Crow Tribe and Montana State University ________ this model: tribal citizens worked alongside scientists to design the methodology and continue to assist in data collection.
Many governments that regularly transfer money to individuals—to provide supplemental incomes for senior citizens, for example—have long done so electronically, but other countries typically have distributed physical money and have only recently developed electronic transfer infrastructure. Researchers studied the introduction of an electronic transfer system in one such location and found that recipients of electronic transfers consumed a different array of foods than recipients of physical transfers of the same amount did. One potential explanation for this result is that individuals conceive of and allocate funds in physical money differently than they conceive of and allocate funds in electronic form.
Which finding from the study, if true, would most directly weaken the potential explanation?
A. Recipients of electronic transfers typically spent their funds at a slower rate than recipients of physical transfers did.
B. Some recipients of physical transfers received small amounts of money relatively frequently, while others received large amounts relatively infrequently.
C. Recipients of physical transfers tended to purchase food about as frequently as recipients of electronic transfers did.
D. Nearly every recipient of an electronic transfer withdrew the entire amount in physical money shortly after receiving the transfer.
D. Nearly every recipient of an electronic transfer withdrew the entire amount in physical money shortly after receiving the transfer.
A researcher conducted an experiment inspired by studies suggesting that people may benefit from feeling frightened in certain circumstances, such as when watching scary movies or visiting haunted attractions. The researcher recruited several participants and had them walk through a local haunted house attraction. Immediately after exiting the attraction, each participant completed a survey about their experience. Based on the survey responses, the researcher claims that feeling frightened in controlled situations can boost a person's mood and confidence.
Which quotation from a participant would best illustrate the researcher's claim?
A. My friends kept laughing as we were walking through the haunted house.
B. The haunted house was scary at first, but I knew everyone was just acting, so I felt less scared after a few minutes.
C. The sense of relief I felt at the end of the haunted house was similar to the feelings I have when I finish a scary movie.
D. After I came out of the haunted house, I felt very accomplished and less stressed.
D. After I came out of the haunted house, I felt very accomplished and less stressed.
Tides can deposit large quantities of dead vegetation within a salt marsh, smothering healthy plants and leaving a salt panne—a depression devoid of plants that tends to trap standing water—in the marsh's interior. Ecologist Kathryn Beheshti and colleagues found that burrowing crabs living within these pannes improve drainage by loosening the soil, leading the pannes to shrink as marsh plants move back in. At salt marsh edges, however, crab-induced soil loosening can promote marsh loss by accelerating erosion, suggesting that the burrowing action of crabs ______
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. can be beneficial to marshes with small pannes but can be harmful to marshes with large pannes.
B. may promote increases in marsh plants or decreases in marsh plants, depending on the crabs' location.
C. tends to be more heavily concentrated in areas of marsh interiors with standing water than at marsh edges.
D. varies in intensity depending on the size of the panne relative to the size of the surrounding marsh.
B. may promote increases in marsh plants or decreases in marsh plants, depending on the crabs' location.
A synthesizer - an entirely electronic musical instrument: can usually be categorized into either an "East Coast" or a "West Coast" design philosophy.
A. [NO CHANGE]
B. instrument, can
C. instrument - can
D. instrument; can
C. instrument - can
The parasitic dodder plant increases its reproductive success by flowering at the same time as the host plant it has latched onto. In 2020, Jianqiang Wu and his colleagues determined that the tiny dodder achieves this ________ with its host by absorbing and utilizing a protein the host produces when it is about to flower.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. synchronization
B. hibernation
C. prediction
D. moderation
A. synchronization
The parasitic dodder plant increases its reproductive success by flowering at the same time as the host plant it has latched onto. In 2020, Jianqiang Wu and his colleagues determined that the tiny dodder achieves this ________ with its host by absorbing and utilizing a protein the host produces when it is about to flower.
In the 1970s, a roughly 60,000-year-old piece of hyena bone marked with nine notches was discovered at a site in western France once inhabited by Neanderthals. Although many believe that only modern humans developed systems for notating numbers, one archaeologist asserts that this artifact may be a sign that Neanderthals also recorded numerical information. The notches on the bone are unevenly spaced but approximately parallel, and microscopic analysis reveals that they were made with a single stone tool; according to the archaeologist, this suggests that the notches were all made at one time by one individual as a means of counting something.
Which finding, if true, would most directly weaken the underlined claim?
A. Parallel lines are a common feature in modern humans' early systems for recording numerical information.
B. More than nine approximately parallel notches made with a different stone tool are present on another artifact found at a site in western France.
C. It would have taken careful effort to make evenly spaced lines on bone with the stone tools typically used by Neanderthals.
D. Decorative art discovered at another Neanderthal site in western France primarily features patterns of unevenly spaced parallel lines.
D. Decorative art discovered at another Neanderthal site in western France primarily features patterns of unevenly spaced parallel lines.
The number of new bands from my hometown of Austin are astonishing when you consider that the city used to be much smaller than it is today.
A. [NO CHANGE]
B. were astonishing
C. is astonishing
D. astonish
C. is astonishing
Sitting on the couch and watching TV was the best ways that Eric knew how to pass the time; unfortunately, he couldn't pass 11th grade.
A. NO CHANGE
B. Sitting on the couch, watching TV, were
C. Sitting on the couch and watching TV were
D. To sit on the couch and watching TV were
C. Sitting on the couch and watching TV were
There are a wide variety of modern dance forms and styles to enjoy. That's one reason my hometown has many different dance studios.
A. [NO CHANGE]
B. enjoy that's
C. enjoy, that's
D. enjoy (that's
A. [NO CHANGE]
Given that the conditions in binary star systems should make planetary formation nearly impossible, it's not surprising that the existence of planets in such systems has lacked ________ explanation. Roman Rafikov and Kedron Silsbee shed light on the subject when they used modeling to determine a complex set of factors that could support planets' development.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. a discernible
B. a straightforward
C. an inconclusive
D. an unbiased
B. a straightforward
Given that the conditions in binary star systems should make planetary formation nearly impossible, it's not surprising that the existence of planets in such systems has lacked ________ explanation. Roman Rafikov and Kedron Silsbee shed light on the subject when they used modeling to determine a complex set of factors that could support planets' development.
The Milky Way galaxy is composed of millions of stars in a relatively flat structure containing a thin disk and a thick disk. Based on computer simulations and analysis of data on the brightness, position, and chemical composition of about 250,000 stars in the thick disk (collected from two telescopes, one in China and one orbiting in space), astrophysicists Maosheng Xiang and Hans-Walter Rix claim that the thick disk of the Milky Way formed in two distinct phases rather than a single one.
Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers' claim?
A. There's an age difference of about 2 billion years between certain stars in the thick disk.
B. The stars in the Milky Way tend to have very similar chemical compositions.
C. The thin disk contains about twice as many stars that can be seen from Earth as the thick disk does.
D. The telescopes used by the researchers have detected stars of similar ages in galaxies other than the Milky Way.
A. There's an age difference of about 2 billion years between certain stars in the thick disk.
Both the egg and the eggplant, which have little in common with one another, is very versatile when it comes to preparing a home-cooked meal for your family.
A. [NO CHANGE]
B. are very
C. they are very
D. was very
B. are very
Arching their backs and hissing is a behavior common to many felines when they feel that their safety is threatened.
A. [NO CHANGE]
B. hissing are a behavior
C. hissing, behaviors
D. hissing are behaviors
D. hissing are behaviors
Since news of the bankruptcy came suddenly, the entire company are clearing out their desks immediately.
A. [NO CHANGE]
B. everyone in the company are clearing out their desks
C. everyone in the company is clearing out his or her desk
D. the entire company is clearing out their desk
C. everyone in the company is clearing out his or her desk